how the Tokyo city evolve to a city region as an economy and function based region.Development plans governance administration, economy trade etc

1. GR EATE R TOKYO R EGIO N
| M o h d . D a n i s h | S h a m a P a r w e e n |
M . A r c h ( U r b a n R e g e n e r a t i o n )

2. Described as one of the three "command centres" for the world economy,
along with New York and London.
Rapid urbanization sees the functional economies of large cities (the so-called ‘economic
footprint’) extend beyond traditional boundaries to capture physically separate but
functionally networked cities and towns in the surrounding (regional) hinterland
- (UNFPA, 2007)
‘borderless world’, t h e c i t y r e g i o n concept has been rejuvenated as part
of a wider ‘new regionalist’ literature documenting how in globalization place-based and site-
specific scales of intervention can both anchor and nurture nodes of dense economic, social
and political activity.
city-region as “a strategic and political level of administration and policy-making,
extending beyond the administrative boundaries of a single urban local government
authorities to include urban and/or semi-urban hinterlands”
- Mark Tewder-Jones and Donald McNeill 2000
C o n c e p t o f C I T Y R E G I O N S

3. LOCATION
THE FOUR MAJOR
ISLANDS OF
JAPAN ARE
•HOKKAIDO
•HONSHU
•SHIKOKU
•KYUSHU

4. T O K Y O
Population of Tokyo is 13.35 Million which
is 10% of the total population of Japan
The population & bases of economic
activities are concentrated in Tokyo & its
suburban areas
About 48% of Japanese corporations with
capital of 1 billion yen or more , about 18%
universities of Japan & about 21% of public
facilities such as museums are concentrated
in Tokyo

5. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION IN JAPAN
•DESIGNATED CITIES
•CORE CITIES
•SPECIAL CITIES
•CITIES
•SPECIAL WARDS (TOKYO)
•TOWNS
•VILLAGES
MUNICIPAL
City-A jurisdiction must have at least
500000 inhabitants , 60% who, are
engaged in urban occupations
1 METROPOLITAN (TOKYO)
2 URBAN PREFECTURES
(KYOTO & OSAKA)
43 RURAL PREFECTURES
1 DISTRICT (HOKKAIDO)

6. TOKYO (TO-EAST, KYO-CAPITAL) , ORIGINALLY NAMED EDO (ESTUARIES) CHANGED
NAME IN 1868 AFTER IT BECAME IMPERIAL CAPITAL
POPULATION-13.35 MILLION
METROPOLIS AREA-3,925 km2
POPULATION-31.7 MILLION
CITY AREA-1808 km2
GREATER TOKYO AREA IS THE MOST POPULOUS METROPOLITAN AREA IN THE WORLD

7. 23SPECIAL WARDS OF TOKYO
Setagaya is the
most populated ward
with population of
899,286 whereas
chiyoda is the least
populated with
population of 53,372
Toshima has the
highest density /km2
with 22.625/km2
Chiyodo has the
least density with
4585 /km2
The "three central
wards" of Tokyo –
Chiyoda, Chūō and
Minato – are the
business core of
the city.

9. TOKYO: A GLOBAL CITY
WORLDS LARGEST URBAN ECONOMY

10. POPULATION
ECONOMIC OUTPUT
CORPORATE PRESENCE
C O N N E C T I V I T Y
REAL ESTATE STOCK
REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT

11. •Tokyo’s high technology , R &D and manufacturing specialisms are key sources of
confidence & dynamism for the city.
•Tokyo was ranked the world’s most creative city
•Tokyo sits in 15th position in 2thinknow innovation cities index
•Tokyo stands second position behind copenhagen in monocle’s leading edge
quality of life survey
•Tokyo ranks second to singapore on siemens asian green city index
because of tokyo metropolitan government’s policies on energy & climate change
VISION OF TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Transform Tokyo into a global business centre that attracts human
resources, capital & information from around the world , to further
enhance the city’s vitality.

12. The estimated number of international visitors to Japan in August 2015 reached over 1.82
million (63.8% increase from the previous year), 708,000 more than August 2014.
Tokyo has set a goal of having 15 million foreign tourists annually by 2020, taking advantage
of the great opportunity provided by Tokyo's hosting of the 2020 Olympic and Paralympics
Games
TOURISM

13. MEIJI SHRINE
SHINJUKU GYOEN
MEIJI SHRINE SENSOJI TEMPLE
IMPERIAL PALACE

14. TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE IS ONE OF THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
70% OF THE FOREIGN COMPANIES IN JAPAN ARE LOCATED IN TOKYO.

15. The economy of Japan is the third largest
in the world by nominal GDP, the fourth
largest by purchasing power parity and is
the world's second largest
developed economy.
TOKYO
•Largest metropolitan economy in
the world
•Tokyo urban area (35 million people) had a
total GDP of US $1.9 trillion in 2012
•51 of the companies listed on the global
500 are based in Tokyo,
The tokyo stock exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the
world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover.

16. Among the diverse industries of Tokyo are the
manufacture of electronic apparatus,
transport equipment, automobiles,
cameras and optical goods, furniture,
textiles, and a wide variety of consumer
items, as well as publishing and printing.
INDUSTRIES
Tokyo's economy has shifted to put much
more emphasis on financial services and
banking.
The city, which lies on the Kanto plain,
is intersected by the Sumida River and
has an extensive network of canals.
Yokohama seaport

17. Tokyo has an outstanding subway system
Narita International is Tokyo's main airport.
world's first public monorail line runs between
downtown and Haneda international airport.
The transportation system also includes the
Shinkansen, whose "bullet trains" connect Tokyo
with Osaka and other cities.

18. PERCENTAGE OF TERTIARY ECONOMY IS
HIGH IN METROPOLITAN ECONOMY
TOKYO ATTRACTS FOREIGN COMPANIES
& FOREIGNERS
ECONOMY

19. TRADE WITH ASIAN NATIONS IS EXPANDING
ESTABLISHMENT SIZE IS RELATIVELY LARGE IN THE FINANCIAL & INSURANCE INDUSTRIES
ECONOMY

20. WHOLESALE BUSINESS IS CONCENTRATED
IN TOKYO
RETAIL IN TOKYO IS HIGHEST IN JAPAN IN
TERMS OF NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS ,
NUMBERS OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN RETAIL
& MERCHANDISE SALES

21. Ginza 4-chome Crossing (1955)
Ginza 4-chome Crossing (2013)

22. 1869 FIRST TELECOMMUNICATION LINE WAS OPENED BETWEEN TOKYO & YOKOHAMA
1872 FIRST LOCOMOTIVE STARTED RUNNING FROM SHIMBASHI TO YOKOHAMA
1912-1926 PEOPLE WORKING IN CITIES INCREASED
1923 TOKYO WAS DEVASTATED BY GREAT KANTO EARTHQUAKE
1927 FIRST SUBWAY LINE WAS OPENED BETWEEN ASAKUSA & UENO
1931 TOKYO AIRPORT WAS COMPLETED AT HANEDA
1935 RESIDENT POPULATION OF TOKYO HAD GROWN TO 6.36 MILLION
1943 METROPOLIPOLIS OF TOKYO WAS FORMED BY MERGING TOKYO PREFECTURE &
TOKYO CITY
1945 TOKYO WAS BOMBED 102 TIMES & POPULATION DROPPED TO 3.49 MILLION
1947 23 SPECIAL WARD SYSTEM BEGAN IN TOKYO METROPOLIS

23. 1953 TELEVISION & BROADCASTING BEGAN
1956 JAPAN JOINED UN
1960 PERIOD OF RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH DUE TO TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS &
INTRODUCTION OF NEW INDUSTRIES & TECHNOLOGIES MASS PRODUCTION OF
SYNTHETIC FIBRES & HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
1962 TOKYO CROSSED 10 MILLION MARK
1964 OLYMPICS GAMES WERE HELD ,SHIKANSEN (BULLET TRAIN) LINE BEGAN
OPERATION & METROPOLITAN EXPRESSWAY WAS OPENED
1980 TOKYO TOOK LARGE STEPS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH
1986 LAND & STOCK PRICES SPIRALLED UPWARDS, BUBBLE ECONOMY
1990 BURST OF BUBBLE, REVENUES SINKED IN METROPOLITAN FINANCE. BUT FINANCIAL
CRISIS WAS OVERCOME THROUGH TWO SUCCESSIVE FISCAL RECONSTRUCTION
PROGRAM

24. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The bureau of waterworks supplies water to 23 wards and 26 cities & towns in the Tama area.
The water supply comes in
via three rivers: the Tone,
Ara, and Tama rivers, in
that order. The Tone and
Ara rivers bring in 78% of
the water supply, from
regions north of Tokyo,
the Tama river 19%, from
reservoirs along its course.

25. Water supply by Tokyo Metropolitan Government

26. Once upon a time Edo “the water city”

27. Edo, was a picturesque capital
A bird’s-eye view published at the end of the
Tokugawa period, skillfully depicted this city:
Tokyo suffered two major catastrophes during
the twentieth century—
•the great Kanto earthquake and
aerial
•bombing during World War II
the time of the 1964 Olympic Games,
when its fabric was deliberately remade.
Edo then…
Tokyo now …

28. Functions of a “Water City”
Traveling along hidden canals it is still possible to trace
how Edo/Tokyo was shaped by water
Lower city was dominated by a network of canals and waterways.
•Protect the city from floods and
•Facilitated shipping.
Many urban functions linked Edo/Tokyo to water
Musashino plateau, forming an intricate weave between
urban spaces and natural land forms

29. Initial development at dosanbori
canal
•Zaimokucho for lumber,
•Funecho for shipping
•Yokkaichicho as a market
Upper part of sumida river called arakawa
Edo was growing into a great centre of transportation network & a great urban centre as well

30. Nihonbashi canal- spine of “water city”
The most powerful merchants concentrated
their shops along this “main street,” making
it the country’s financial nucleus.
Composed of wooden buildings, Edo was
frequently plagued by fire.
People went to riverside for fireworks, cherry-blossom festivals, regattas, and
other events. Amusement on yakatabune (house-shaped pleasure boats).
`

31. By that time the main subcentres, Shibuya, Shinjuku
and Ikebukuro, had already developed spontaneously
before any official efforts were made to encourage their
formation, as a result of the structure of the
Tokyo area railway system.
the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923
destroyed over 60% of
the existing built up area
Earthquake also greatly
set back city planning in
the Tokyo region, as not
only were the newly
prepared city plans of
Tokyo and its suburban
districts consumed in the
fire
At the end of the 19th century when the Japanese
national railway system was first being built it was
radially centred on Tokyo
Rapid industrialization during the First World War had combined with the increasing
mobility of the workforce provided by expansion of the streetcar and rail systems to
create conditions of rapid suburban growth.
Factors leading to the growth of
Suburban districts/Satellite towns

32. Early 19th century Yamanote loop
line was built to the west of the
then built up area so that freight
trains, particularly those carrying
silk, Japan’s main international
export, from central Honshu to
the port at Yokohama, could run
straight through to the port
without unloading in the city.
Yamanote had seven hills,
and their countless slopes gave
the city great charm Y A M A N O T E L O O P L I N E
Central Tokyo rail system and main stations in 1930

33. Second factor contributing to the establishment of the subcentres was the
purchase of the privately built Tokyo streetcar system in 1911 by the
Tokyo municipal government.
The three main subcentres of
Shinjuku, Shibuya and Ikebukuro
thus developed along the west side
of the loop where the private lines
terminated and commuters had to
switch to either JR trains or
streetcars to reach the centre.
Entertainment & Restaurant
Districts developed in these
subcentres to serve those changing
trains on the way home

34. Kanto region Metropolitan structure plan,1940
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government,1989
Den’en Toshi (Garden City), was inspired
by the British garden cities movement,
The priority given to industrial development re•flects the
timing of the release of the plan in 1940
Such ‘industrial promotion areas’ and ‘military
cities’ (gunto toshi) were actually built during the
war as a way of dispersing over concentrated
ammunitions plants from central Tokyo

35. Conceptual Chart Of The Circular Metropolis

36. The first NCRDP announced in 1958 also designated Shinjuku, Shibuya and Ikebukuro
as subcentres designed to relieve growth pressure on the CBD area. Planning for the future
structure of the capital
region began again in the
1950s with the beginnings
of economic revival and
renewed growth of urban
population.
In 1951 a National Capital
Construction Committee
was established which
proposed a scheme for
satellite town building in
1953.

37. Railroads gradually displaced shipping by canal.
Over time the city also shifted from a water to a land orientation. Streets were
widened and paved, and streetcars appeared
The condition of Tokyo’s waterways detoriate
during the period of high economic growth in the
1960s, when many were covered over and
transformed into sewers, and the Sumida River
became highly polluted.
Olympic 1964
World War II, many of these waterways was lost, and in 1964 the city was rapidly
restructured to improve circulation for the Olympic Games. Expressways, the Shinkansen
(Bullet Train), and a monorail were built, often using space occupied by canals.

38. Tokyo should be ringed by
three major new
‘Business Core Cities’
•Urawa/Omiya in Saitama
prefecture,
•Makuhari/Chiba in Chiba
prefecture,
•Kawasaki/Yokohama in
Kanagawa prefecture,
•Tsukuba New Town in
Ibaraki prefecture
as a high-tech research
centre.
the 1970s the developmentof a multi-polar metropolitan region as a way of reducing
travel needs and distances while eliminatingthe need to prevent development in intervening
areas.
Create major employment and services subcentres
in order to draw development pressure
away from central Tokyo and create a
multinucleated metropolitan
structure
1970 to 1995 to determine the
degree to which a polycentric
patternof growth has emerged.
Satellite cities to absorb
growth in the Tokyo
Metropolitan Region

39. These include the Yamanote ring subcentres, the Tama area ‘cores’, the ‘business cores’ of Omiya- Urawa,
Kawasaki-Yokohama, and Chiba, and a variety of new towns and existing principal cities.

40. Tokyo region is developing a
P O L Y C E N T R I C E M P L O Y M E N T S T R U C T U R E

41. Tokyo Governor Minobe
proposed a bipolar metropolis
with a new central business
district based on Hachioji,
Tachikawa and Tama New
Town far to the west of the
old CBD, that would relieve
the overcrowding in central
Tokyo
With a good balance between work and living, the dispersal of functions throughout the
Tokyo Metropolitan Region will be promoted, and the structure of Tokyo will be changed
from the present overly concentrated center to a multi-polar structure”
A large number of satellite cities have
been designated, and some built, such as
Tsukuba, Tama, Kohoku and Chiba new
towns, and also many new subcentres
including Hachioji, Shin Yokohama and
Omiya, and large new regional
employment centres such as Chiba’s
Makuhari Messe, Yokohama’s Minato
Mirai and the new Tokyo Coastal
Subcentre
evolution of planning policies designed to promote polycentric metropolitan
development in the Tokyo metropolitan area,

42. GREATER
TOKYO’S
RAILWAY
NETWORK

43. First:bottom right of the plot
which have seen significant
employment gains at the same
time as losing population.
These are all wards in central
Tokyo and Yokohama, some of
which are designated
subcentres such as Shinjuku,
Shibuya and Ikebukuro, and
others are the old CBD such as
Chuo ku, Minato ku and
Chiyoda ku.
A second group is that in the
lower left, which have lost
both jobs and population.
These are the old industrial
wards of north-east
Tokyo, only one of which
(Sumida) includes a
designated subcentre
(Kinshicho).
A third group is the dense cluster
at the intersection and on the
positive side of the two axes
which includes the majority of the
municipalities in the region. five
designated subcentres, Tama new
town, Tsukuba new town,
Kohoku new town, Narita and
Tokyo’s Koto ku which includes
both theCoastal city subcentre
and part of Kinshicho Kameido
city subcentre.
A fourth group is then the
remaining municipalities that saw
exceptional growth of both
employment and population. Of
this fourth group, 10 are
designated subcentres, and nine
are not..

45. Special wards are autonomous from the Tokyo metropolitan government, they also
function as a single urban entity in respect to certain public services, including
water supply, sewage disposal, and fire services.
These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government
These wards have Self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the
status of a city.
Success Of Tokyo is underpinned by a history of strong political integration resulting
from strong metropolitan government
G O V E R N A N C E

46. Executive
body
governor
Administrative
committee
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE IN JAPAN

49. •The collapse of the economic bubble reduced the strength of the iron triangle
(bureaucracy, government, and big business) and allowed citizen groups to assert
more effective influence over the Tokyo government.
•Another passage was the Nonprofit Organizations Law of 1998-The passage of this
law created the first viable framework for citizen participation in the urban
development system in Tokyo (political and economic environments have opened
the political structure of the government to allow participation by the nonprofit
sector)
•There is a continuous concern about building an adequate nonprofit sector,
preventing the urban environment from being shaped by economic forces, as
opposed to citizen participation
G O V E R N A N C E

50. Finally, the political configuration of the city-region Tokyo builds forward on its historical
ideology of ‘developmentalism’ according to which the state in an outspoken pro-active
role involves the private sector to promote economic growth.
Apart from the leading national state, the Japanese system consists of
Deconcentrated Prefectures and local government.
There are 4 prefectures in regional Tokyo, of which TMG is the strongest
(TMG is the prefecture in the core of the region).
Besides After decades of success, the closed partnership model of the
Japanese economy ran into problems in the 1990s.
G O V E R N A N C E

51. last ten years the state is following a renewed pro-growth program to
promote the recovery of the national economy and in doing so it beds in particular
on its strongest horse of concentrated service and financial economy in the CBD and
central core of Tokyo, making TMG very important.
At wider city-regional level, however, the asymmetry is increasing, resulting in a
regional agenda of polarized areas (prosperous in the core versus increasing poverty in
outside areas, in particular in the East). Economic policy is extremely concentrated and
not very well addressed in the wider region, also equity and immigration issues are
not addressed at level of city region. An interesting exemption regards environmental
policies.
Environmental policies are very well integrated in the Japanese culture and in the
economy, these policies are actively addressed through all levels of scale.
G O V E R N A N C E

52. •Since the reform, TMG (Tokyo Metropolitan Government) and the wards have sought to
identify and recommend specific changes in policies and law and gain consensus among
affected parties.
•Services to be transferred from TMG to the ward offices include waste management,
city planning, education and aspects of septic tank regulation and sewerage
services.
•The aim of the reform is to convert the wards into “basic local public bodies.”
•This has subsequently changed the status of citizen participation in the city
G O V E R N A N C E

53. Greater Tokyo Region was experiencing skyrocketing land prices, worsening problems
•congestion in the centre,
•overcrowding of transportation infrastructure, and
•further development in many central areas was limited by infrastructure shortfalls.
•Economic change has also had an effect. Following a period of improvement, Tokyo
rushed into an era of inflated real estate values around 1985
And as its urban industrial infrastructure lost importance, the city was also
transformed into a global center of information and finance. This led to the
construction of a succession of highrise office buildings on the former estuary of the
Sumida River and on reclaimed land.
C H A L L E N G E S

54. Thank you….