HD, 4K , 8K, TV Studios

1. 1
MOHIEDDIN MORADI
mohieddinmoradi@gmail.com
DREAM
IDEA
PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION

2. – Elements of High-Quality Image Production
– DVB UHD Phases
– 8K/UHD2 Motivations
– 8K/UHD2 satellite and DTT broadcasting
– 4K/UHD1 Motivations
– Carrying 4k/UHD1 to Home
– Bandwidth Efficiency Trend
– UHD Interfaces
– 4K/UHD1 satellite and DTT broadcasting
– Price Comparison between HD and UHD
– HD or 4K/UHD1
2
OUTLINE

3. Q1 Spatial resolution (HD, UHD)
Q2 Temporal resolution (Frame Rate) (HFR)
Q3 Dynamic Range (SDR, HDR)
Q4 Color Gamut (BT. 709, BT. 2020)
Q5 Component Coding (Quantization, Bit Depth)
Q6 Compression artifacts
.
.
.
Total Quality of Experience (QoE or QoX) = F(Q1, Q2, Q3, … Qn)
Not only more pixels, but better pixels
3
Elements of High-Quality Image Production

4. Spatial Resolution (Pixels)
HD, FHD, UHD1, UHD2
Temporal Resolution (Frame rate)
24fps, 30fps, 60fps, 120fps …
Dynamic Range (Contrast)
From 100 nits to HDR
Color Space (Gamut)
From BT 709 to Rec. 2020
Quantization (Bit Depth)
8 bits, 10 bits, 12 bits …
4
Five Major Elements of High-Quality Image Production

5. UHDTV 1
3840 x 2160
8.3 MPs
Digital Cinema 2K
2048 x 1080 2.21 MPs
4K
4096 x 2160 8.84 MPs
SD (PAL)
720 x 576
0.414MPs
HDTV 720P
1280 x 720
0.922 MPs
HDTV 1920 x 1080
2.027 MPs
UHDTV 2
7680 x 4320
33.18 MPs
8K
8192×4320
35.39 MPs
Wider viewing angle
More immersive
Q1:
Spatial Resolution

6. 6
Q1:
Spatial Resolution
50 inch TV
DHD=0.625×3.1=1.937 m
D4K=0.625×1.5=0.937 m
D8k=0.625×0.75=0.468 m

7. The Lechner Distance chart
7
1 foot= 30.48 cm
1m
2m
Q1:
Spatial Resolution
3m
4.5m
Better image and video processing using extra resolution

8. Motion Blur
Motion Judder
Conventional Frame Rate High Frame Rate
Wider viewing angle
Increased perceived motion
artifacts
Higher frame rates needed
50fps minimum (100fps being vetted)
8
Q2:
High Frame Rate (HFR)

9. – Deeper Colors
– More realistic pictures
– More Colorful
– Rec. 2020 color space covers 75.8%, of CIE 1931 while Rec.
709 covers 35.9%.
Wide Color Space (ITU-R Rec. BT.2020)
Color Space (ITU-R Rec. BT.709)
Q3:
Wide Color Gamut
WCG

10. Images : Dolby Laboratories
Standard Dynamic Range
High Dynamic Range
(More Vivid, More Detail)
Q4:
High Dynamic Range

11. Chasing the Human Vision System with HDR
11
Q4:
High Dynamic Range

12. 12
Q3+Q4:
Wide Color Gamut + High Dynamic Range
SDR
SDR
HDR
HDR+WCG
More vivid, More details
More real, More colorful

13. 12 bits
4096 Levels
10 bits
1024 Levels
8 bits
256 Levels
13
– Wide Color Gamut Makes Deeper Colors Available
– With more colours to represent, higher bit sample
rates (10-bit) are critical
Q5:
Quantization (Bit Depth)

14. Next Gen Audio
WCG
HDR
New EOTF
HFR (> 50 fps)
Screen Size
4K Resolution
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14
Added Value Score/ Importance
Source: Ericsson Co. 2015 and Ultra HD Froum
What’s Important in UHD

15. 4H UHDTV
High Frame Rate 120FPS
High Frame Rate 60FPS
HDR
Color Gamut
10-Bit Bit Depth
15
Percentage of bit rate incensement
(Reference Bit Rate: HD SDR BT.709 8-Bit,30FPS)
www.atsc.org
Relative Bandwidth Demands of 4K,HDR, WCG, HFR

16. 16
Costs in Different Stages
Ericsson White paper
November 2015

17. 17
DVB UHD Phases

18. 8 -
18
DVB UHD Phases
Resolution, 12bit, HFR, BT.2020, HDR,
4:2:2, 4:4:4, Abject based audio
Resolution, 14bit, Scalability

19. 19

20. 20
NAB 2015, Ikegami SHK-810: 8K Super Hi-Vision Camera System (Single 33 MP Super 35 CMOS sensor)
In Japan, 4K and 8K broadcasting is called “super high-vision”, or SHV.
8K/UHD2
Price: $300/000~$400/000

21. 21
8K TV Shipment Forecast

22. 22
8K Motivation

23. 23
8K Motivation

24. 24
8K Motivation

25. 25
8K Motivation

26. 26
8K Motivation

27. High Quality Images in Documentary
27
8K Motivation

28. 28
8K Motivation

29. CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing)
– Design and digital visualization of 3D car models
– Tests of safety, aerodynamics and ergonomic solutions
– Architecture and urban planning design and visualization of buildings and engineering constructions models
– Tests of ergonomic and functionality as well as strength and safety of constructions
29
8K Motivation

30. – 2016 Rio Olympic Games (The world's first 8K live broadcast)
– 2020 Tokyo Olympics in 8K (NHK)
30
8K Motivation

31. Visualization of scientific processes
– Physics Visualization of research on elementary particles and quantum mechanics
– Biochemistry Particles and chemical reactions visualization, genetics structures visualization
– Meteorology Visualization of complex weather processes as well as disasters (e.g. tornados, earthquakes)
– Astronomy and radio astronomy Presentations of sky maps, stars and planets
31
8K Motivation

32. – The odd channel 17 is being used for the 4K/8K test broadcasting since 2016.
– Channel 7 and 17, will be used for 4K broadcasting by NHK and commercial satellite broadcasting stations in future.
– The even channels will also be used for 4K/8K broadcasting when full service broadcasting starts in 2018.
– Full operation of 8K broadcasting will start in 2018 using channel 14.
32
NHK UHD satellite broadcasting

33. – MMT (MPEG Media Transport) distribution technology is highly compatible with IP networks and currently employed in 8K test
satellite broadcasting.
– An MMT multi-viewing system which can send multiple images to tablets in synchrony with TV broadcasts is exhibited at the NAB
show.
– Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) applications are also anticipated.
33
Multi-view System with MMT Distribution Technology

34. – NHK is due to start regular satellite broadcasting service of 4K/8K Super Hi-Vision on December 1st, 2018.
– Transmission System of Mezzanine-compressed 8K over IP (a single 10Gb/s Ethernet cable)
34
The First 8K service by NHK in 2018
48Gb/s Quad-Link 12G-SDI 48Gb/s Quad-Link 12G-SDI

35. 35
– At IBC 2013, intoPIX launched TICO for utilization as a mezzanine compression format.
– Extremely tiny footprint in FPGA/ASIC fabric.
– Visually lossless using a 2:1 to 4:1 compression ratio, but keeps power and bandwidth at a reasonable budget.
– Bitrates capable for IP transport
– Low-delay suitable for switches, effects, etc. (Latency down to 1 pixel line ensures absolute real-time and instant operation).
TICO Low Light Visually Lossless Compression
Video Services Forum
Studio Video over IP

36. 36
TICO Low Light Visually Lossless Compression
container format

37. 37
Type Country Transmitter site Covering ERP
DTT
system
Channel
bandwidth
Transmission
mode
Multiplex
capacity
Signal
bit rate
Video encoding
standard
Picture
standard
Audio
Encoding
standard
Center
frequency
8K-UHD Japan
NHK Hitoyoshi
Station Hitoyoshi Area,
Kumamoto
Prefecture
140 W (H)
135 W (V)
ISDB-T
(Integrated
Services Digital
Broadcasting)
6 MHz
32kGI=1/32
4096QAM FEC 3/4
dual-polarized
MIMO
91.8 Mbit/s 91.0 Mbit/s
MPEG-
4AVC/H.264
7680 × 4320p
59.94 frame/s
8 bit/px
MPEG-4
AAC384 kbit/s
671 MHz
(Ch 46 in Japan)
NHK Mizukami
Station
25 W (H)
25 W (V)
671 MHz
(Ch 46 in Japan)
NHK STRL
Building
(NHK Science &
Technology
Research
Laboratories )
Tokyo
93 W (H)
93 W (V)
581 MHz
(Ch 31 in
Japan)
8K-UHD Korea
Technical
Research
Institute
Building
of Korean
Broadcasting
System (KBS)
Yeoeuido, Seoul
10 W (H)
10 W (V)
– 6 MHz
2kGI= 1/16 256QAM
FEC 3/4 dual-
polarized MIMO
50.475 Mbit/
s
(Single band)
50.0 Mbit/s HEVC – –
605 MHz &
623 MHz
(Ch 36 & Ch 39
in Korea)
DTT 8K/UHD2 System in the World
Wikipedia, ITU

38. 38

39. – 35 mm Film Process:
– Expensive
– Slow
– Inflexible
– Manual process for assembling shows
– 4K emulates the resolution of 35mm Film
– The cost of film processing makes 4K attractive
– Film prints get scratched and dirty after only a few plays, 4K D Cinema keep a pristine image at all times.
– TV Broadcasting with Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q5
39
4K Motivation

40. 40
4K TV Penetration Forecast
(households)

41. More that half of broadcaster will deliver UHD content till 2022 41
USA population:
326,506,644 (2018)

42. AcquisitionandProduction
PostProduction
Contribution
Distribution
42
Carrying 4k/UHD1 to Home

43. 43
Base Band Bit rate Comparison
1.5
3.0 3.0
12.0
48.0
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
FULL HD
1920× 1080, 50i
FULL HD
1920×1080, 50p
FULL HD
1920×1080, 50p
(HDR+WCG)
4K/UHD1
(HDR+WCG)
8K/UHD2
(HDR+WCG)
1.5Gb/s
3Gb/s 3Gb/s
12Gb/s
48Gb/s
Gb/s
Belden 1855
46m
Belden 1855
52m
Belden 1855
52m
Belden 1855
87m
Belden 1855
46m
Belden 7731
106m
Belden 7731
106m

44. 50% bitrate saving – Direct-to-home
30% bitrate saving – Contribution
50% bitrate saving – Direct-to-home
30% bitrate saving – Contribution
44
2020
VVC
2020
(JVET)
50% bitrate saving – Direct-to-home
30% bitrate saving – Contribution
Bandwidth Efficiency Trends

45. MPEG-2 AVC HEVC
First Released 1994 2003 2013
SD 3 - 5 Mbps 1.8 - 3 Mbps 1 - 1.8 Mbps
HD 10 - 18 Mbps 5 - 9 Mbps 2.5 - 4.5 Mbps
4K UHDTV
(2160p50 10bit)
Not
Available
Not
Available
8 – 15 Mbps (Typ)
15 – 25 Mbps (Higher)
VVC
2020
0.6 - 1.1 Mbps
1.5 - 2.7 Mbps
5 – 9 Mbps (Typ)
9 – 15 Mbps (Higher)
Distribution For Similar Picture Quality
As with all bitrate projections, these ranges are subject to PQ expectations & content complexity
Ericsson 2015(Typ: For typical PQ comparisons, Higher: For higher PQ expectations)

46. MPEG-2
Video 4:2:2 8b
AVC
4:2:2 10b
HEVC
4:2:2 10b
First Released 1994 2003 2013
HD 35 - 60 Mbps 23 - 40 Mbps 17 - 30 Mbps
4K UHDTV
(2160p50 10bit) N/A
100 - 160 Mbps
(4 ×1080p60)
55 - 100 Mbps
Contribution For Similar Picture Quality
VVC
4:2:2 10b
2020
12 – 22 Mbps
30 - 70 Mbps
As with all bitrate projections, these ranges are subject to PQ expectations & content complexity
Ericsson 2015

47. 47
Interlace or Progressive (HD,UHD)?
– Based on video content, Interlaced can decrease or increase video bitrate
Bitrate-PSNR For Interlaced and Progressive video in HEVC
– Interlaced has better result in River and
Beauty video
– Progressive has better result in Sky,
Pedestrian, Old28, Old30
– Old 28 means: video Old with QP = 28
– And Old30 means: video Old with QP = 30

48. 48
UHD Interfaces
Single or Quad 12G-SDI (100m)
– SMPTE 2082 12Gb/s Serial Digital Interface - Electrical
– Baseband or Lightly Compressed UHD/4K
Optical 12G SFP
–ST 297 Optical Interface- Electrical
–SFP based
IP (10/40/100G)
– Compressed TS, Mezzanine and baseband UHD/4K

49. 49
UHD interfaces
(To Synchronize Video Equipment over an IP Network)
(Seamless Protection Switching of SMPTE ST 2022 IP Datagram)
(Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRTM))
Single or Quad 12G-SDI
Baseband or Lightly
Compressed UHD/4K
IP (10/40/100G)
Compressed TS, Mezzanine
and baseband UHD/4K

50. – SDI challenges will emerge from 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet variants with the capacity to handle baseband production signals.
– Broadcasting no longer an independent silo
–Take advantage of evolution speed of Internet
– Broadcast & Broadband as peer delivery mechanisms
–Enables new types of hybrid services
–Ability to seamlessly incorporate niche content
– Enable new business models
–Localized Insertion
– Ads or other content
– Allows revenue model for broadcasters that has been available to cable or IPTV operators
50www.atsc.org
Benefits of IP transport
The mild compression schemes for editing and long GOP compression may breath life into SDI, especially in12-G variants.

51. 51
Type Country
Transmitte
r site
Covering ERP
DTT
system
Channel
bandwidth
Transmission mode
Multiplex
capacity
Signal bit rate
Video
encoding
standard
Picture standard
Audio encoding
standard
Center frequency
4K-UHD Sweden
Stockholm
Nacka
City of
Stockholm
35 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz
32k, extended
mode, GI = 19/256,
256QAM, FEC3/5,
PP4
31.7 Mbit/s 24 Mbit/s HEVC
3840 ×
2160p29.97 frame/s,
8 bit/px
618 MHz (Ch 39 in
Region 1)
4K-UHD
United
Kingdom
Crystal
Palace
Greater
London
(serving over
4.5 million
households)
39.8 kW DVB-T2
8 MHz
32k, extended
mode, GI = 1/128,
256QAM, FEC 2/3,
PP7
40.2 Mbit/s
Variable
(some trials at
35 Mbit/s)
HEVC
Mixture of 3840 ×
2160p, 50 frame/s and
3840 × 2160p,
59.94 frame/s; most of
the trial at 8 bit/px,
some at 10 bit/px
586 MHz (Ch 35 in
Region 1)
4K-UHD Winter Hill
North-west
England,
including
Manchester
and Liverpool
(serving 2.7
million
households)
22.5 kW DVB-T2
602 MHz (Ch 37 in
Region 1)
4K-UHD Black Hill
Central
Scotland,
including
Glasgow and
Edinburgh
(serving 1
million
households)
39 kW DVB-T2
586 MHz (Ch 35 in
Region 1)
4K-UHD
Czech
Republic
Žižkov
Television
Tower
Prague – DVB-T2 8 MHz – – – HEVC 3840 × 2160p –
706 MHz (Ch50 in
Region 1)
4K-UHD Slovakia Kamzík Bratislava 5 kW DVB-T2
32k, 256QAM, FEC
3/4
36 Mbit/s HEVC 3840 × 2160p 184.5 MHz(ch 6)
Wikipedia, ITU
DTT 4K/UHD1 System in the World

52. 52
Type Country
Transmitter
site
Covering ERP DTT system
Channel
bandwidth
Transmission
mode
Multiplex
capacity
Signal bit rate
Video
encoding
standard
Picture
standard
Audio
encoding
standard
Center
frequency
4K-UHD Brazil Mt. Sumaré
Parts of Rio de
Janeiro
metropolitan
area
660 W (H)660
W (V)
ISDB-T 8 MHz
32k, extended
mode,GI =
1/128, 64QAM,
FEC5/6, PP7
36.72 Mbit/s 35.0 Mbit/s HEVC
3840 ×
2160p50 frame
/s, 8 bit/px
E-AC-3 5.1
754 MHz(Ch5
6 in Region 1)
4K-UHD
Korea
(Republic of)
Gwanaksan
South
Metropolitan
area,of Seoul
36.7 kW
DVB-T2 6 MHz
32k extended
modeGI = 1/16
PP4 256 QAM
FEC 3/4, 4/5,
5/6
< 35.0 Mbit/s
Variable(some
trials at
25~34 Mbit/s)
HEVC
Main10Level
5.1 Max
28 Mbit/s
3840 ×
2160p60 frame
/s, 8 or
10 bit/px
MPEG-4 AAC-
LCor Dolby
AC-3
Max 5.1Ch
Max 600 kbit/s
or
MPEG-H 3D
Audio[204]
761 MHz (Ch
62 in Korea)
12.9 kW
701 MHz(Ch
52 in Korea)
40.0 kW
707 MHz(Ch
53 in Korea)
Namsan
Central area of
Seoul
2.2 kW
761 MHz (Ch
62 in Korea)
Yongmunsan
West
Metropolitan
area of,Seoul
8.3 kW
707 MHz(Ch
53 in Korea)
4K-UHD France Eiffel Tower City of Paris 1 kW DVB-T2 8 MHz
32k extended
mode, GI =
1/128,
256QAM,FEC2
/3, PP7
40.2 Mbit/s
Two
programmes
carried:one at
22.5 Mbit/s,
one at
17.5 Mbit/s
HEVC
3840 ×
2160p,50 fram
e/s, 8 bit/px
HE-AAC 192
kbit/s
514 MHz(Ch26
in Region 1)
4K-UHD Spain
ETSI Tele-
comunicación
Ciudad
Universitaria
Madrid
125 W DVB-T2 8 MHz
32k, extended
mode, GI =
1/128, 64QAM,
FEC5/6, PP7
36.72 Mbit/s
35 Mbit/s
(other bit rates
also tested)
HEVC
3840 ×
2160p,50 fram
e/s, 8 bit/px
E-AC-3 5.1
754 MHz
(Ch56 in
Region 1)
Wikipedia, ITU
DTT 4K/UHD1 System in the World

53. 53
Quantity of
4k/UHD1 Services
DVB-S2, HEVC
17-30 Mb/s)
5 Hispasat
3 Atlantic Bird
25 Eutelsat
19 Hotbird
17 Astra 19°
2 Astra 23°
9 Astra 29°
Quantity of
4k/UHD1 Services
IPTV, HEVC, 24 Mb/s
3 France
Quantity of
4k/UHD1 Services
DVB-C, HEVC,
18-35 Mb/s
1 Belgium
2 Germany
3 United Kingdom
3 France
Quantity of
4k/UHD1 Services
DVB-T2, HEVC,
16-25 Mb/s
1 Spain
2 France
http://digitalbitrate.com/

54. Delivered
via
Transfer
Function
Frame
Rate
Bit Depth
(bit)
Color Space Audio Codec(s)
Bit rate
(Mbps)
Note
Satellite SDR 30 27
Satellite
HLG or SDR 59.94 10 BT.2020 Audio adds 5Mbps 35
Bitrate works for
sports and HDR
content
Satellite or
IPTV
SDR 50 8 or 10 AC-3 24-30
Satellite or
IPTV
PQ 59.94 10 AC-3, AAC 32
IPTV PQ 50 10 BT.2020 MPEG2, AC-3, DD 25 Sport
Satellite SDR 50 10 BT.709 30-38 Drama, Movie
All the examples in Table are 2160p spatial resolution and use HEVC encoding with 4:2:0 color subsampling.
Resolution Frame Rate Approximately Bit Rate
3840×2160 P60/50 15-20 Mbps
1920×1080 P60/50 5-10 Mbps
720×404 P30/25 < 1 Mbps
Example bitrates that could be used for OTT services
54
Example “real world” Bitrates in 2016/2017 for 4K Services

55. 55

56. 56
Price Comparison for Video Equipment of one Studio
$510,000 $538,000 $553,000
$730,000
$2,920,000
$0
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
$3,500,000
FULL HD
1920× 1080, 50i
FULL HD
1920×1080, 50p
FULL HD
1920×1080, 50p
(HDR+WCG)
4K/UHD1
(HDR+WCG)
8K/UHD2
(HDR+WCG)
• 4 Studio Cameras
• Lenses
• Pedestals
• Video Mixer
• Router
• MVs
• Recorders/Players
• Digital Glues
• …

57. 57
≈32%
UHD1+HDR+WCG
3840×2160, 50p
HD+HDR+WCG
1920×1080, 50p
Omitting Camera and Video Mixer
18%
Using Sony HDC-4300 Camera for both HD and 4K
(Better HD with 4K Sensor)
23%
Omitting Video Mixer
25%
Price Comparison for Video Equipment

58. 58
≈ 22%
UHD1+HDR+WCG
3840×2160, 50p
HD+HDR+WCG
1920×1080, 50p
Price Comparison for Video, Audio and Light Equipment

59. 59
For-A HVS-2000 2M/E, HD1920×1080, 50p, 32IN/16OUT
Grass Valley KARRERA 2M/E, HD1920×1080, 50p, 32IN/16OUT
SAM KAHUNA 6400 2 M/E, HD1920×1080, 50p, 32IN/16OUT SAM KAHUNA 9600 (2M/E), 4K 3840×2160, 50p, 12G-SDI, 24IN/16OUT
For-A HVS-6000 (2M/E), 4K 3840×2160, 50p, 12G-SDI, 32IN/16OUT
Grass Valley KARRERA, 4K 3840×2160, 50p, Quad-3G-SDI, 32IN/16OUT
Price Comparison for Video Production Switchers

60. 60
Sony HDC-1700, HD1920×1080, 50p
Grass Valley LDX 86 worldcam, HD1920×1080, 50p
Ikegami HDK-97A2, HD1920×1080, 50p
Sony HDC-4300, 4K 3840×2160, 50p
Grass Valley LDX-86N worldcam, 4K 3840×2160, 50p
Ikegami UHK-430, 4K 3840×2160, 50p
Price Comparison for Studio Cameras

61. 61
≈ 13%
UHD1+HDR+WCG
3840×2160, 50p
HD+HDR+WCG
1920×1080, 50p
SAM KAHUNA or Grass Valley KARRERA
Sony HDC-1700 or Grass Valley LDX 86 worldcamIkegami UHK-430
For-A HVS-6000 (2M/E)
Price Comparison for Video Equipment

62. 62
≈0%
Price Comparison for Portable Video Equipment
Sony PXW-Z450 4 3-CMOS
2/3" Sensor XDCAM
Camcorder $25/000
Sony PXW-Z280 3-CMOS
1/2" Sensor XDCAM
Camcorder $7/000
Sony PDW-850 XDCAM HD422
2/3" 3CCD Camcorder 23/000
Sony PMW-300K1 XDCAM HD
Camcorder $7/700

63. 63
Price Comparison for Video Equipment
Approximately
400%
Quad 12G-SDI
UHD1+HDR+WCG
3840×2160, 50p
UHD2+HDR+WCG
7680×4320, 50p
Approximately
250%~350%
IP and TICO
UHD1+HDR+WCG
3840×2160, 50p
UHD2+HDR+WCG
7680×4320, 50p

64. Source Destination Added Value
SD HD Medium
HD UHD Medium
HD UHD+HDR+WCG High
HD HD+HDR+WCG High
HD+HDR+WCG UHD+HDR+WCG
Medium or High (Frequently High)
(According to Program and Display is
variable, QD Display)
SFR HFR
Medium or High
(According to Program is variable)
64
Added Value for 4K/UHD, HDR, WCG, HFR

65. 4K/UHD1 Disadvantages
– Less or no advantage in small contribution studios
– Distribution Limitations (at leads 5 years, FVC will help in 2020)
– Extra cost for customers (It can be managed by reducing UHD TV price)
– Extra budget for new studios (Approximately between %13 to %32 according to design)
– Changing traditional trends and upgrading staffs knowledge
– Cultural issues
4K/UHD1 Advantages
– Archiving in 4K
– Considerable advantage in production studios and OBVANs.
– Compatibility with new broadband demands and new displays (QD)
– Avoiding format exchange in new future (At least 15 years)
– Higher picture quality using 4K equipment in HD format
– Better image and video processing using extra resolution
– More contribution in sport events
65
HD (1920×1080,50p) or 4K/UHD1 (3840×2160,50p)?

66. Questions??
Discussion!!
Suggestions!!
Criticism!!
66