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CARCINOMA RENAL
MONTSERRAT CARRERES PRIETO
SERVEI FARMÀCIA
HOSPITAL UNIVERSATARI DE BELLVITGE
MARÇ 2015.
ÍNDEX
GENERALITATS
• Epidemiologia i Etiologia
• Patogènia i Diagnòstic
TRACTAMENT
• Revisió de les principals guies : ESMO; NCCN; Ass Eu. Urology
• Assajos pivotals.
• Comparativa d’assajos
BIBLIOGRAFIA
2
EPIDEMIOLOGIA. ETIOLOGIA
• 2-3% de càncers adults.
• Δ anual 2% (2 dècades (TI. ¿?)).
• Casos nous 88.300; morts 39.230 (Europa 2008)
• Incidència: 5,8/100.000 ; 1,5:1 (homes) ; 60-70 a.
• Mortalitat: 1,4/100.000
• Mortalitat UE: 14.500 dones: 24.800 homes (1:1,7)
• OS: 1a (85%); 5a(71%); (50%, si de pelvis renal); <10% si M1
• Etiologia : tabac, obesitat , HTA, AINES(B)
B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013
National Cancer Institute
3
EPIDEMIOLOGIA. ETIOLOGIA
National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology and Results Program
4
5
EPIDEMIOLOGIA. ETIOLOGIA
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC.
‒ El 50% es detecta fortuïtament: simptomatologia
inespecífica a l’inici.
B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013
TÈCNIQUES
IMATGE
FÍSIC
ANALÍTIC
Sde paraneoplàsic (30%, 2B)
TC, RMN, ECO
Hematúria, dolor
lumbar, massa
abdominal palpable
6
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (2)
7
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (3)
8
9
B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (4)
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (6)
10
World Health Organization Classification of Tumours
World Health Organization Classification of Tumours
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (5)
11
CLASSIFICACIÓ: TNM
FACTORS PRONOSTICS
• ANATÒMICSTNM
• HISTOLOGICSSUBTIPUS CR,
GRADUACIÓ DE FURHMAN
• MOLECULARS
• VEGF
• CaIX
• E-CADHERIN
• HIF...
NCCN Guidelines v2.2014 Kidney C.
DIAGNÒSTIC (7)
12
Bosniak : classificació de
quistes
5 categories (aspecte TC)
intent de predir risc
malignitat.
HISTOLOGIA
B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013
PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (8)
13
International Journal of Urology (2013) 20, 944–955
TRACTAMENT: DIANES
14
El tractament quirúrgic :
HISTOPATOLOGIA
El tractament sistèmic:
GUIES DE TRACTAMENT
TRACTAMENT
15
Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71
Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71
TRACTAMENT: ESMO
16
Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71
TRACTAMENT ESMO
17
TRACTAMENT NCCN (1)
18
TRACTAMENT NCCN (2)
19
TRACTAMENT NCCN (3)
20
TRACTAMENT NCCN (4)
21
TRACTAMENT NCCN (5)
22
TRACTAMENT NCCN (6)
23
B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013.
TRACTAMENT: GUIA EAU
24
TRACTAMENT CCR
1L : SUNITINIB 50mg/d cicles 4/2 setmanes
PAZOPANIB 800mg/d
2L: AXITINIB 5 mg/12h
Altres línees:
EVEROLIMUS 10mg/d
SORAFENIB 400mg/12h
Tractament previ
Citocines/iVEGF
25
26
SUNITINIB
27
Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124
28
Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124
SUNITINIB
SLP : 11mesos (10-12) vs 5 mesos(4-6); HR:0.42 (0.32-0.54)
SLP (revisió local per l’ investigador): 11 mesos (8-14) vs 4 mesos(4-5); HR:0.42 (0.33-0.52)
29
Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39
30
31
Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39
AXITINIB
A: Tots els pacients; SPL=2 mesos
B: Pacients tractats prèviament amb
citocines; SPL=5.5 mesos
C: Pacients tractats prèviament amb
Sunitinib; SPL=1.4 mesos
32
Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39
AXITINIB
33
34
Motzer et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-
blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56.
EVEROLIMUS
SLP (revisió central independent cega): 4.9 mesos vs 1.9 mesos; RAR: 3 mesos HR:0.33
SLP (revisió local per l’ investigador): 5.5 mesos vs 1.9 mesos; RAR: 3.6 mesos HR:0.32
SLP després del creuament : 5.1 mesos
SG similar: 14.8 mesos vs 14.4 mesos
35
Motzer et al. (RECORD-1)
DADES FINALS
Everolimus Placebo
Diarrea 30 7
Nàusees 26 19
Vòmits 20 12
Infeccions 37 18
Tos 30 16
Dispnea 24 15
Pneumonitis 14 0
Mucositis 44 8
Edema perifèric 25 8
EVEROLIMUS
Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56
36
37
PAZOPANIB
SLP població gnal pazopanib vs placebo : 9.2 vs 4.2
mesos HR=0.46
SLP pacients naive:11.1 vs 2.8 mesos HR: 0.40
SPL pacients pretractats amb citoquines 7.4 vs 4.2
mesos HR: 0.54.
SG sense diferències HR 0.73 p=0.02.
J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068
38
PAZOPANIB
J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068
Referència Fàrmac Comparador
Tractaments
de primera
línia
Taxa
resposta
global (%)
SLP
(mesos
[95% CI])
HR SG (mesos) HR
Escudier et al.
(TARGET)
DADES FINALS
Sorafenib
(n=384)
Placebo
(n=385)
Citocines
TRO: 9,7% vs 2%
ME: 74% vs 53%
5,5 (4,6-5.8)
vs
2,8 (2,6-3,0)
HR 0,44 (0.35-
0.55)
p<0,001
17,8 vs 15,2
HR 0,88 (0.74-1.04)
p=0.146
Sense crossover
17,8 vs 14,3
HR 0,78 (0.62-0.97)
p=0.029
Sternberg et al. (VEG10192)
DADES FINALS
Pazopanib
(n=135)
Placebo
(n=67)
Citocines
o naïf
TRO: 30% vs 3%
ME: 38% vs 41%
9,2 vs 4,2
HR 0,46
(0.34-0.62)
p<0,001
22,9 vs 20,5
HR 0,91 (0.71-1.16)
p=0.224
Sense crossover
(IPCW)
HR 0.50
(0.315-0.762)
p =0.002
Sense crossover
(RPSFT)
HR 0.43, (0.21-
1.38)
p =0.172
Pazopanib
(n=135)
Placebo
(n=67)
Citocines TRO: 29% vs 4% 7,4 vs 4,2
HR 0,54
(0.35-0.84)
p<0,001
- -
Pazopanib
(n=155)
Placebo
(n=78)
Naïf
(Pazopanib 1a línia)
TRO: 32% vs 4% 11,1 vs 2,8
HR 0,40
(0.27-0.60)
p<0,001
- -
Motzer et al. (RECORD-1)
DADES FINALS
Everolimus
(n=277)
Placebo
(n=139)
Inhibidor VEGFR
(Sunitinib o
sorafenib)
TRO: 1,8% vs 0%
(tot RP)
ME: 66,8% vs
32,4%
4,9 (4.0-5.5)
vs
1,9 (1.8-1.9)
HR 0,33
(0.25-0.43)
p<0,001
14,8 vs 14,4
HR 0,87
(0.65-1.15)
p=0.162
Sense crossover
14,8 vs 10
-
Everolimus
(n=124)
Placebo
(n=60)
Sunitinib previ - 3,9 vs 1,8
HR 0,34
(0.23-0.51)
- -
Everolimus
(n=81)
Placebo
(n=43)
Sorafenib previ - 5,9 vs 2,8
HR 0,25
(0.16-0.42)
- -
Everolimus
(n=72)
Placebo
(n=36)
Sunitinib i sorafenib
previs
- 4,0 vs 1,8
HR 0,32
(0.19-0.54)
- -
Rini et al
(AXIS)
Axitinib
(n=361)
Sorafenib
(n=362)
Citocines
Sunitinib
Bevacizumab+INFalf
a
Temsirolimus
TRO: 19% vs 9%
(tot RP)
ME≥20set: 27% vs
21%
ME<20set: 23% vs
33%
6,7 vs 4,7
HR 0,67
(0.54-0.81)
p<0,001
20,1 (16.7-23.4)
vs
19,2 (17.5-22.3)
HR 0,97
(0.8-1.17)
p=0.37
Axitinib
(n=126)
Sorafenib
(n=125)
Citocines
TRO: 35,7% vs
16,8%
ME≥20set: 31% vs
40,8%
ME<20set: 19,8% vs
27,2%
12 (10.1-
13.9)
vs
6,6 (6.4-8.3)
HR 0,52
(0.38-0.72)
p<0,001
29,4 (24.5-NE)
Vs
27.8 (23.1-34.5)
HR 0,81
(0.55-1.19)
p=0.14
Axitinib
(n=192)
Sorafenib
(n=195)
Sunitinib
TRO: 12,9% vs
8,7%
ME≥20set: 34% vs
19,5%
ME<20set: 26,8% vs
4,8 (4.5-6.5)
vs
3,4 (2.8-4.7)
HR 0,74
(0.58-0.94)
p =0.0063
15.2 (12.8-18.3)
Vs
16,5 (13.7-19.2)
HR 0,99
(0.78-1.27)
p=0.49
39
BIBLIOGRAFIA
• National Institute of Cancer. Disponible en www.cancer.gov
• NCCN Guidelines v3.2015. Kidney cancer
• B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013.
• Escudier et al. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann
Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71
• Eble J.N., Sauter G., Epstein J.I., Sesterhenn I.A. (Eds.): World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology
and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC Press: Lyon 2004
• Abe H, Kamai T. Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Urol. 2013 Oct;20(10):944-
55
• Quivy A, Daste A, Harbaoui A, Duc S, Bernhard JC, Gross-Goupil M, Ravaud A. Optimal management of renal cell
carcinoma in the elderly: a review. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:433-42
• Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124
• Rini BI, Escudier, et al. Comparative eff ectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS):
a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39
• Motzer, Escudier. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma:
overall survival analysisand updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):552-62
• Motzer et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled
phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56.
• Sternberg et al. Pazopanib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Randomized Phase III
Trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068
40

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Renal Carcinoma Guide

  • 1. CARCINOMA RENAL MONTSERRAT CARRERES PRIETO SERVEI FARMÀCIA HOSPITAL UNIVERSATARI DE BELLVITGE MARÇ 2015.
  • 2. ÍNDEX GENERALITATS • Epidemiologia i Etiologia • Patogènia i Diagnòstic TRACTAMENT • Revisió de les principals guies : ESMO; NCCN; Ass Eu. Urology • Assajos pivotals. • Comparativa d’assajos BIBLIOGRAFIA 2
  • 3. EPIDEMIOLOGIA. ETIOLOGIA • 2-3% de càncers adults. • Δ anual 2% (2 dècades (TI. ¿?)). • Casos nous 88.300; morts 39.230 (Europa 2008) • Incidència: 5,8/100.000 ; 1,5:1 (homes) ; 60-70 a. • Mortalitat: 1,4/100.000 • Mortalitat UE: 14.500 dones: 24.800 homes (1:1,7) • OS: 1a (85%); 5a(71%); (50%, si de pelvis renal); <10% si M1 • Etiologia : tabac, obesitat , HTA, AINES(B) B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013 National Cancer Institute 3
  • 4. EPIDEMIOLOGIA. ETIOLOGIA National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology and Results Program 4
  • 6. PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. ‒ El 50% es detecta fortuïtament: simptomatologia inespecífica a l’inici. B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013 TÈCNIQUES IMATGE FÍSIC ANALÍTIC Sde paraneoplàsic (30%, 2B) TC, RMN, ECO Hematúria, dolor lumbar, massa abdominal palpable 6
  • 9. 9 B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013 PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (4)
  • 10. PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (6) 10 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours
  • 11. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (5) 11
  • 12. CLASSIFICACIÓ: TNM FACTORS PRONOSTICS • ANATÒMICSTNM • HISTOLOGICSSUBTIPUS CR, GRADUACIÓ DE FURHMAN • MOLECULARS • VEGF • CaIX • E-CADHERIN • HIF... NCCN Guidelines v2.2014 Kidney C. DIAGNÒSTIC (7) 12
  • 13. Bosniak : classificació de quistes 5 categories (aspecte TC) intent de predir risc malignitat. HISTOLOGIA B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013 PATOGÈNIA. DIAGNÒSTIC. (8) 13
  • 14. International Journal of Urology (2013) 20, 944–955 TRACTAMENT: DIANES 14
  • 15. El tractament quirúrgic : HISTOPATOLOGIA El tractament sistèmic: GUIES DE TRACTAMENT TRACTAMENT 15 Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71
  • 16. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71 TRACTAMENT: ESMO 16
  • 17. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71 TRACTAMENT ESMO 17
  • 24. B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013. TRACTAMENT: GUIA EAU 24
  • 25. TRACTAMENT CCR 1L : SUNITINIB 50mg/d cicles 4/2 setmanes PAZOPANIB 800mg/d 2L: AXITINIB 5 mg/12h Altres línees: EVEROLIMUS 10mg/d SORAFENIB 400mg/12h Tractament previ Citocines/iVEGF 25
  • 26. 26
  • 27. SUNITINIB 27 Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124
  • 28. 28 Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124 SUNITINIB SLP : 11mesos (10-12) vs 5 mesos(4-6); HR:0.42 (0.32-0.54) SLP (revisió local per l’ investigador): 11 mesos (8-14) vs 4 mesos(4-5); HR:0.42 (0.33-0.52)
  • 29. 29
  • 30. Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39 30
  • 31. 31 Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39 AXITINIB A: Tots els pacients; SPL=2 mesos B: Pacients tractats prèviament amb citocines; SPL=5.5 mesos C: Pacients tractats prèviament amb Sunitinib; SPL=1.4 mesos
  • 32. 32 Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39 AXITINIB
  • 33. 33
  • 34. 34 Motzer et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double- blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56. EVEROLIMUS SLP (revisió central independent cega): 4.9 mesos vs 1.9 mesos; RAR: 3 mesos HR:0.33 SLP (revisió local per l’ investigador): 5.5 mesos vs 1.9 mesos; RAR: 3.6 mesos HR:0.32 SLP després del creuament : 5.1 mesos SG similar: 14.8 mesos vs 14.4 mesos
  • 35. 35 Motzer et al. (RECORD-1) DADES FINALS Everolimus Placebo Diarrea 30 7 Nàusees 26 19 Vòmits 20 12 Infeccions 37 18 Tos 30 16 Dispnea 24 15 Pneumonitis 14 0 Mucositis 44 8 Edema perifèric 25 8 EVEROLIMUS Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56
  • 36. 36
  • 37. 37 PAZOPANIB SLP població gnal pazopanib vs placebo : 9.2 vs 4.2 mesos HR=0.46 SLP pacients naive:11.1 vs 2.8 mesos HR: 0.40 SPL pacients pretractats amb citoquines 7.4 vs 4.2 mesos HR: 0.54. SG sense diferències HR 0.73 p=0.02. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068
  • 38. 38 PAZOPANIB J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068
  • 39. Referència Fàrmac Comparador Tractaments de primera línia Taxa resposta global (%) SLP (mesos [95% CI]) HR SG (mesos) HR Escudier et al. (TARGET) DADES FINALS Sorafenib (n=384) Placebo (n=385) Citocines TRO: 9,7% vs 2% ME: 74% vs 53% 5,5 (4,6-5.8) vs 2,8 (2,6-3,0) HR 0,44 (0.35- 0.55) p<0,001 17,8 vs 15,2 HR 0,88 (0.74-1.04) p=0.146 Sense crossover 17,8 vs 14,3 HR 0,78 (0.62-0.97) p=0.029 Sternberg et al. (VEG10192) DADES FINALS Pazopanib (n=135) Placebo (n=67) Citocines o naïf TRO: 30% vs 3% ME: 38% vs 41% 9,2 vs 4,2 HR 0,46 (0.34-0.62) p<0,001 22,9 vs 20,5 HR 0,91 (0.71-1.16) p=0.224 Sense crossover (IPCW) HR 0.50 (0.315-0.762) p =0.002 Sense crossover (RPSFT) HR 0.43, (0.21- 1.38) p =0.172 Pazopanib (n=135) Placebo (n=67) Citocines TRO: 29% vs 4% 7,4 vs 4,2 HR 0,54 (0.35-0.84) p<0,001 - - Pazopanib (n=155) Placebo (n=78) Naïf (Pazopanib 1a línia) TRO: 32% vs 4% 11,1 vs 2,8 HR 0,40 (0.27-0.60) p<0,001 - - Motzer et al. (RECORD-1) DADES FINALS Everolimus (n=277) Placebo (n=139) Inhibidor VEGFR (Sunitinib o sorafenib) TRO: 1,8% vs 0% (tot RP) ME: 66,8% vs 32,4% 4,9 (4.0-5.5) vs 1,9 (1.8-1.9) HR 0,33 (0.25-0.43) p<0,001 14,8 vs 14,4 HR 0,87 (0.65-1.15) p=0.162 Sense crossover 14,8 vs 10 - Everolimus (n=124) Placebo (n=60) Sunitinib previ - 3,9 vs 1,8 HR 0,34 (0.23-0.51) - - Everolimus (n=81) Placebo (n=43) Sorafenib previ - 5,9 vs 2,8 HR 0,25 (0.16-0.42) - - Everolimus (n=72) Placebo (n=36) Sunitinib i sorafenib previs - 4,0 vs 1,8 HR 0,32 (0.19-0.54) - - Rini et al (AXIS) Axitinib (n=361) Sorafenib (n=362) Citocines Sunitinib Bevacizumab+INFalf a Temsirolimus TRO: 19% vs 9% (tot RP) ME≥20set: 27% vs 21% ME<20set: 23% vs 33% 6,7 vs 4,7 HR 0,67 (0.54-0.81) p<0,001 20,1 (16.7-23.4) vs 19,2 (17.5-22.3) HR 0,97 (0.8-1.17) p=0.37 Axitinib (n=126) Sorafenib (n=125) Citocines TRO: 35,7% vs 16,8% ME≥20set: 31% vs 40,8% ME<20set: 19,8% vs 27,2% 12 (10.1- 13.9) vs 6,6 (6.4-8.3) HR 0,52 (0.38-0.72) p<0,001 29,4 (24.5-NE) Vs 27.8 (23.1-34.5) HR 0,81 (0.55-1.19) p=0.14 Axitinib (n=192) Sorafenib (n=195) Sunitinib TRO: 12,9% vs 8,7% ME≥20set: 34% vs 19,5% ME<20set: 26,8% vs 4,8 (4.5-6.5) vs 3,4 (2.8-4.7) HR 0,74 (0.58-0.94) p =0.0063 15.2 (12.8-18.3) Vs 16,5 (13.7-19.2) HR 0,99 (0.78-1.27) p=0.49 39
  • 40. BIBLIOGRAFIA • National Institute of Cancer. Disponible en www.cancer.gov • NCCN Guidelines v3.2015. Kidney cancer • B. Ljungberg (chair), K. Bensalah et al. Guidelines on RCC. Europ. Assoc. Urology. 2013. • Escudier et al. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii65-71 • Eble J.N., Sauter G., Epstein J.I., Sesterhenn I.A. (Eds.): World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC Press: Lyon 2004 • Abe H, Kamai T. Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Urol. 2013 Oct;20(10):944- 55 • Quivy A, Daste A, Harbaoui A, Duc S, Bernhard JC, Gross-Goupil M, Ravaud A. Optimal management of renal cell carcinoma in the elderly: a review. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:433-42 • Motzer et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa in metastastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(2): 115-124 • Rini BI, Escudier, et al. Comparative eff ectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1931–39 • Motzer, Escudier. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysisand updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):552-62 • Motzer et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 449–56. • Sternberg et al. Pazopanib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Randomized Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1061-1068 40

Notas del editor

  1. 3Tercer mes freuent dels urologics. ¨Maxima incidencia en la republica checa, on 2010e incidence rate was 14.62 and mortality 5.17 (age-standardised rate/world per 100,000 Decrement en Denmark and Sweden a continuing decrease There has been a decrease in the mortality since the 1980s in Scandinavian countries and since the early 1990s in France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Italy. However, in some European countries (Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Slovakia), the mortality rates are still showing an upward trend, with increasing rates Ahmedin Jema et al. Global Cancer Statistics. CA CANCER J CLIN 2011;61:69–90. VOLUME 61 NUMBER 2 MARCH/APRIL 2011. Crec que les dades son del GLOBOCAN 2008
  2. 6triada clasica de dolor en la fosa renal, hematuria macroscopica y masa abdominal palpable es poco frecuente en la actualidad (6 %-10 %) Se identifican sindromes paraneoplasicos en el 30 % de los pacientes con CR sintomaticos Sde paraneoplasic : Hipertension arterial, Caquexia; Perdida de peso; Fiebre, Neuromiopatia; Amiloidosis; Velocidad de sedimentacion globular elevada Anemia; Disfuncion hepatica; Hipercalcemia; Policitemia masa abdominal palpable • adenopatia cervical palpable • varicocele que no se reduce • edema bilateral en las extremidades inferiores, indicativo de afectacion venosa. analiticos evaluados con mas frecuencia son creatinina serica, filtracion glomerular (FG), hemoglobina, velocidad de sedimentacion globular, fosfatasa alcalina, LDH y calcemia corregida Otras pruebas complementariasarteriografia renal y la flebografia de la vena cava inferior; Pruebas complementarias en el CR metastásicoLa TC de torax es la prueba complementaria mas exacta con fines de estadificacion toracica
  3. 8 Clear cell renal cell carcinoma 8310/31 Multilocular clear cell renal cell carcinoma 8310/3 Papillary renal cell carcinoma 8260/3 Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma 8317/3 Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini 8319/3 Renal medullary carcinoma 8319/3 Xp11 translocation carcinomas Carcinoma associated with neuroblastoma Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma, unclassified 8312/3 Papillary adenoma 8260/0 Oncocytoma
  4. 12En general, el sistema TNM de clasificacion en estadios se recomienda para uso clinico y cientifico (1). Sin embargo, la clasificacion TNM requiere mejoras continuas (2). En la version de 2009 se han introducido cambios significativos basados en la bibliografia reciente relacionada con metodos pronosticos (tabla 6). * Actualmente no se recomienda el uso de ningun marcador pronostico molecular en la practica clinica habituaL Los factores histologicos comprenden: grado de Fuhrman, subtipo de CR, caracteristicas sarcomatoideas, invasion microvascular, necrosis tumoral e invasion del sistema colector. El grado nuclear de Fuhrman es el sistema de graduacion histologica mas aceptado en el CR (17). Aunque se ve afectado por discrepancias intra e interobservadores, es un factor pronostico independiente (18). Recientemente, se ha propuesto que un sistema de graduacion de Fuhrman simplificado en dos o tres estratos podria ser tan exacto como el esquema de clasificacion clasico en cuatro niveles (19, 20) (grado de comprobacion cientifica: 3).
  5. 14 Defective VHL gene function leads to overexpression of a series of proteins that are potential targets for treatment. It has been suggested that pseudohypoxia is the mechanism of tumorigenesis associated with VHL gene dysfunction, as defective VHL gene function inhibits the action of prolyl hydroxylase on HIF. As a result, HIF remains unhydroxylated and avoids degradation, allowing it to upregulate the transcription of several genes involved in angiogenesis and cell proliferation. These genes include those for VEGF and PDGF, which can be used as targets for treatment. VEGF is a potent proangiogenic protein that plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis11 and acts by binding to the VEGFR on endothelial cells.12 RCC is usually a highly vascular tumor, so several drugs affecting VEGF signaling have been approved for the treatment of metastatic disease.
  6. 15 Nefrectomies parcials, totals, laparoscopiques, obertes, tractaments ablatius...
  7. 25 Així, en la segona línia de renal i d’acord amb les indicacions de l’EMA: Després de citocines, tenen indicació axitinib, pazopanib i sorafenib. Després d’un anti-VEGF, tenen indicació everolimus i axitinib (evidència procedent d’assaigs només després de fracàs a sunitinib).
  8. 27 La supervivencia libre de enfermedad en el estudio fase III en el que se estudia la eficacia de sunitinib en tratamiento en primera línea, pasa de 5 meses en el grupo control a 11 meses en el grupo estudio, y la tasa de respuesta objetiva pasa de 6% a 31% en el grupo con sunitinib (respuestas parciales en todos los casos).