1. C4f Batch or Continuous?
Industrial Chemists and Chemical Engineers work hard to keep costs down.
There are two different ways of producing chemicals:
Continuous Process
This is a process that runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and only makes one chemical
e.g.
Batch Process
This is a process that makes one batch of a chemical at a time.
e.g.
Advantages and disadvantages of both processes:
Advantages Disadvantages
Batch
e.g.
pharmaceutical
drugs
Continuous
e.g. cracking

2. Cut and stick for the table on the advantages and disadvantages of
continuous and batch processes
They are NOT in the correct order and need to be organised into
1. advantages and disadvantages
2. continuous and batch processes
The same equipment can be used to make Only manufacturing one product so little
several different chemicals. chance of contamination
It is harder to control quality and there is Start-up costs relatively low because
more chance of cross-contamination if equipment is “off the shelf” i.e. not
equipment is used to make more than one designed specifically
thing
If there is a problem then it can be traced cleaning and setting up between batches
to a specific batch which can then be easily means there are periods of time that it is
recalled not being used and therefore not making
money
Labour-intensive because it needs to be set Production never stops so no time wasted
up each time, controlled manually and emptying and setting up
cleaned at the end
Start-up costs are very high – everything VERY consistent quality of product
has to be designed specifically and
automated.
Runs automatically (low labour costs) If the equipment is not running at 100%
capacity it is not cost-effective

3. What factors affect the cost of making and developing a medicine or pharmaceutical
drug?
1. research and testing
2. labour costs
3. energy costs
4. raw materials
5. time taken for development
6. marketing
Describe the factors contributing to the high costs involved in making and
developing a new medicine or pharmaceutical drug
1. often more labour intensive
2. less automation possible
3. research and testing may take many years
4. raw materials likely to be rare and/or involve
expensive extraction from plants
5. legislative demands Aspirin can be made
from the leaves and
bark of willow trees.
HIGHER
Explain how economic considerations determine the development of new drugs in
relation to:
1. research and development time and associated labour costs;
2. time required to meet legal requirements including timescale for testing and
human trials
3. anticipated demand for new product
4. length of pay back time for initial investment

4. Extracting Chemicals From Plants
Raw materials for speciality chemicals such as pharmaceuticals can be either
made synthetically or extracted from plants. The following process shows how they
may be extracted from plants:
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crush plant
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mix with solvent
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filter ____________________________________________
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purify ____________________________________________
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evaporate solvent
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DRUG ____________________________________________
Use chromatography
to test for purity
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