Unit 4.pptx

SURVEYING
Engineering Education
Surveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and
locating the points in the field.

The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and
final point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements
and recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or
stakes in the proper locations in the field.

Categories of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference
base for fieldwork and computations are assumed to
be a flat horizontal surface.
2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to
determine relative positions of widely spaced points,
lengths, and directions which require the
consideration of the size and shape of the earth.
(Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)

Types of Surveys
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or
other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries,
and areas of land parcels.
3. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the
building Civil Engineering projects
4. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps
showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations
of points of the ground.
5. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow
projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways,
railroads, pipelines)
6. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom
of bodies of water.

Brief History of Surveying
1. Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry
3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to create the
Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division systems.
4. Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for mapping
and marking land claims caused extensive surveying,
especially by the English.
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population
increased, and land value caused development of licensure for
surveyors in all countries
.

Old Equipments
• Chain.
• Ranging.
• Cross Staff.
• Steel band.
• Tape.
• Plane tables.
• Compass.
• Levelling.
• Theodolites. (Vernier &
Micrometer)
• Tacheometer.
for today’s classroom.

Modern Surveying
• By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use
electronic distance measuring devices, called EDM’s were in use.
• The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic
components enabled the building of theodolites that measure angles
electronically, called Electronic Theodolite
• Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance
meter, and software running on an external laptop computer known
as a data collector, called Total Station
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) was designed for military
applications. Its primary purpose was to allow soldiers to keep track
of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their targets
• A computerized data base management system for capture,
storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS

Modern Surveying

Modern equipments
• Electronic Theodolite
• EDM – Electronic distance measurement eqp.
• Auto Level.
• Digital Level.
• Laser Level.
• Laser Distance meter
• Total station.
• GPS – global positioning system.

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
Modern equipments
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Modern equipments

Electronic Thoedolite
• For precise surveys the vernier
theodolites are replaced by modern
theodolites such as optical and
electronic theodolites.
• The electronic theodolites have
optical system to scan both
horizontal and vertical circles and
display them digitally on a screen

EDM (Electronic Distance meter)
1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter
2. Measurement of distance is done
by a modulated microwave or
infrared carrier signal
3. The distance is determined by
emitting and receiving multiple
frequencies, and determining the
integer number of wavelengths
to the target for each frequency

Auto Level
• Now most commonly used levelling
instruments are - Auto level.
• Auto level, as name sounds it has a
auto level compensator and corrects
automatically if instrument goes out
of level within it’s range.
• With auto level:-
1. Survey work can be done fast,
2. Less chances of error,
3. Magnification available is more,
4. Range is more,
5. Image is erect so less chances of
error.

Digital Level
• They are not popular instead auto levels
are more extensively used.
• The Trimble DiNi Digital Level :
Determine accurate height information
60% faster than with automatic leveling
• Eliminate errors and reduce rework with
digital readings
• Transfer data to the office easily
• Measure to a field of just 30 cm

Laser Level
• The word laser is an acronym for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation and is the name applied to an
intense beam of highly monochromatic,
coherent light.
• Laser rangefinders use these
relationships to calculate Distance
• Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
• The time refers to time of pulse to go
from the instrument to the tree and back
again

Laser Distance meter
• By using this Laser distance meter we
can calculate the distance, area and
volume accurately
• We can use this in night also

GPS – Global Positioning System.
What is GPS
• GPS, which stands for Global Positioning
System, is the only system today able to
show you your exact position on the Earth
anytime, in any weather, anywhere.
• Global Positioning System – A network
of satellites (24 total – 21 in use, 3 spares)
that continuously transmit coded information,
which makes it possible to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring distance
from the satellites.

GPS – Global Positioning System.

infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

EDM + Theodolite
• EDM is used to measure the horizontal
distances.
• Some EDM are attached with
electronics theodolite which has the
adapter system.
• Some are advanced models which itself
reads the distance without theodolite

Total Station
• A Total station integrates the functions
of a Electronic theodolite for
measuring angles, an EDM for
measuring distances, digital data and a
data recorder
• Angles and distances, coordinates and
height differences and many other items
can be computed, displayed and stored
into internal memory.

Features of Total Station
• Total solution for surveying work,
• Most accurate and user friendly,
• Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.
known point (base point),
• Compatibility with computers,
• Measures distance and angles and displays
coordinates,
• Auto level compensator is available,
• Can work in lesser visibility also,
• Can measure distances even without prismatic
target for lesser distances,
• Is water proof,
• On board software are available,
• Can be used for curve layout after feeding data

Features of Total Station
• New total stations have atmospheric
correction, and auto-focus.
• In addition, these series incorporates a
quick distance measuring mode and a
high data storage capacity for increased
productivity.
• The new Total station gives the unique
opportunity for long range distance
monitoring of up to 9000m to a single
prism.
• Using the scan functionality of software
allows fully automated monitoring of the
prism in direction of the line of sight.

Parts of Total Station

Parts of Total Station
infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

Accessories of Total Station

Total Station Companies
• Sokkia
• Leica
• Trimble
• Pentax
• Topcon
• Nikon
• Sanding
• Focus
• GeoMax Positioning
• Kolida
• CST
• South
• Ruide

Normal Accuracy and ranges of total stations
 Angular accuracy up to 1”
 Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM
 Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4
KM.( with single prism)
 Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.

Basic Principle of Total Stations
1. These instruments are measuring the distances of prism
poles mounted with prisms with the help of Laser beam or
Infrared rays.
2. These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and
reflected back to instruments by the prism mounted on the
prism poles.
3. The time interval between emission and reception helps
to calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are
precisely known. D = (t/2) x v
D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity

Inside Total Station

Setting up of Total Station
Centering:
• Place the legs at equal intervals and the
head is approximately level
• Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
• Place the instrument on the tripod stand
• Supporting the instrument with one hand,
tighten the centering screw on the
bottom of the unit
• Looking through the optical plummet eye
piece
• focus on the Surveying point

Levelling:
• Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
• point in the optical plummet reticule
• Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening or
by lengthening the tripod leg
• Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered in
the center circle
• Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of
the instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line
between leveling foot screws A & B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A & B
simultaneously
• Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
• The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws
A & B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C

Levelling the Screen:
• Press [ON] to power on
• Press [TILT] in the second page of
Meas mode to display the circular level on
the screen
• Center the bubble in the circular level
• Set the tilt angle to 00 using foot screws
A & B
• for the X direction and leveling screw C for Y
direction

Focusing and Target Sighting
• Look through the telescope eyepiece at a
• bright background
• Turn the eyepiece clockwise, anticlockwise little by
• little until just before the reticle image becomes
• focused
• Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps, then use
• the peep sight to bring the target in to the field of view.
• Tight both clamps
• Turn the telescope focusing ring to focus on the target
• Turn the vertical and horizontal and vertical fine
motion screws to align the target with the reticle
• Readjust the focus with the focusing ring until there is
no parallax between the target image and the reticle

Eliminating parallax
• This is the relative displacement of the target
image with respect to the reticle when the
observer’s head is moved slightly before the
eyepiece.
• Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle

Format of Storage in Total Station
1. Point Id
2. Easting (x – Coordinate)
3. Northing (y – Coordinate)
4. Elevation (z-Coordinate)
5. Point code [String like
TR for tree CW for
compound wall etc]

Format of Storage in Total Station
The format of storage followed by the
Instrument is as follows
Point ID (May be Number or String), Easting
(X_Coordinate), Northing (Y_Coordinate),
Elevation (Z_Coordinate), Point Code (‘TR’
for Tree, etc,.)

Soft key Allocation of Total Station

Setting Horizontal Angle to a Required
Value (Horizontal Angle Hold)
Procedure
1. Sight the first target
2. Select (H.Angle) from (Meas) Mode
3. Press (H.Angle) select Angle
4. Enter the required angle then
press OK
1. The input value is displayed
2. Sight the second target
3. The horizontal angle from the value
set to the second target is displayed

Distance and Angle Measurement
By using (DIST) function angle, distance can be measured
Procedure
1. Sight the target
2. In the first page of Meas mode, press (DIST)
to start distance measurement
3.When measurement starts, EDM information
(distance mode, prism constant correction value,
atmospheric correction factor) is represented by
a flashing light.
4.A short beep sounds, and the measured
distance data (S), vertical angle (ZA) and horizontal
angle (HAR) are displayed
5. Press (STOP) to quit distance measurement.
6.Press (<SHV) S (slope dist.), H (horizontal dist.),
V (ht diff) are displayed

Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)
An REM is a function used to measure
the height to a point where a target
cannot be directly installed such as
power lines, overhead cables etc.,

Missing Line Measurement (MLM)
Missing line measurement is used to measure the
slope distance, horizontal distance, and horizontal angle
from the target whish is the reference (starting point)
without moving the instrument. It is possible to change
the last measured point to the next starting position.
Measurement result can be displayed as the gradient between two points.

Co-ordinate Measurement (COORD)
By performing coordinate measurements it
is possible to find the 3-dimensional coordinates of
the target based on station point coordinates,
instrument height, target height, and azimuth angles of
the backsight which are entered in advance

Resection Measurement
Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an
instrument station by performing multiple
measurements of points whose values are known.
Registered coordinate data can be recalled and set as
known point data.

Setting – Out Measurement
Setting out measurement is used to set out the required point
The horizontal angle difference and distance difference are calculated
and displayed using the following formulae.
Horizontal angle difference
dHA = Horizontal angle of setting–out data–measured horizontal angle
Distance difference
Sdist : S-O S = measured slope distance–
slope distance of setting–out data
Hdist : S-O H = measured horizontal distance-
horizontal distance of S-O data
Vdist : S-O V = measured height difference-
height difference of S-O data

Setting-Out Line
Setting out line is used for setting out a required
point at a designated distance from the baseline and
for finding the distance from the baseline to a
measured point.

Setting – Out Arc
This mode allows us to define an arc from
various arc parameters, such as From Pt
coordinates, and set out this arc as well as points
(offsets) along

Offset Measurement
Offset measurements are performed in order to
find a point where a target cannot be installed
directly or to find the distance and angle to a point
which cannot be sighted

Surface Area Calculation
This function can calculate the area of land enclosed by
three or more known points on a line by inputting the coordinates
of the points. Surface area is calculated by measuring the points
on a line enclosing an area in order or reading in the previously
registered coordinates in order

Hard wares
 Total station with inbuilt programmes.
 Tribrach with adopter to hold prism.
[Optional]
 Prism pole, prism and target.
 Mini prism for setting out.
 Down loading cable.
 Plotter [A0]

Downloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC
It is possible to output data within a JOB to a host
Computer or Printer

Plotting Software's
Plotting software’s are capable of making
• Contour
• Layout
• LS & CS
• Road estimator
• Volume cutting
• Volume Embankment

Plotting Software's
• Autoplotter
• Pythagoras
• AutoCAD Civil 3D
• Foresight
• CDS
• Survey PRO

What way it is different from conventional methods?
 These instruments have detachable bases, which help to
setup quickly over station.
 Stand leg heights to be adjusted while setting up.
 Prism pole with prism in place of leveling staff or ranging
rod.
 No need for manual measurement except the measurement
of height of instrument.
 Battery operated (Lasts up to 7 hours)
 Up to 4 Km measurement with single prism.
 Latitude and longitudes are considered for any survey in
the name of easting and northings.

What way it is different from conventional methods?
Each point will be named with its Id/Code.
No paper work, as calculations are performed automatically.
Combines the use of leveling instrument , Theodolite compass
etc. and does boundless operations.
Surveying can be done during night hours also if the prism pole
is illuminated for emergency.
More costly and self lubricated.
Needs one surveyor and other two persons to hold prism.
Person handling these instruments need not be conversant with
survey theory but essentially a computer literate and must possess
sufficient aptitude.

Refractorless Total Station
For those targets such as wire
pole, wire, cliff, hill,earth,timber pile,
etc which are not easy or even
impossible to reach, reflectorless
distance measurement can complete
the measurement task easily

Robotic Total Station
The SRX from Sokkia is a fully-
robotic, fully-tracking and auto-
pointing robotic total station, with on-
demand target reacquisition
Sokkia’s SRX has Bluetooth wireless
technology for cable-free use,
making this single-operator total
station even more convenient.

Robotic Total Station
Allow 1-person operation
- follows prism automatically,
controlled from the pole

Smart Station

Smart Station
Recent developments
include a GPS unit with the
total station
Fully integrated data storage
and data processing, Bluetooth
data transfer or GPRS

Smart Station
No need for control points,
long traverses or resections. Just set up
SmartStation and let GPS determine the
position.Then measure and stake out
with the total station.
SmartStation’s modular design gives you
all the options.
Undertake any type of job.
Save time and money.
Increase your productivity
and profits.

Unit 4.pptx

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Unit 4.pptx