This document discusses automotive radar systems and their applications. It begins with a brief history of automotive radar, describing early systems from the 1970s. It then discusses the key components of automotive radar, including antennas, cameras, and radar units. Various active safety applications of automotive radar are covered, such as adaptive cruise control, blind spot detection, lane departure warning, parking assist, pre-collision systems, and more. The document also discusses differences between short range radar (SRR) and long range radar (LRR) and their uses. In conclusion, 77GHz radar systems are highlighted as being well-suited for automotive applications due to their compact size and high accuracy.

1. By:
Moh. Ali Fauzi (14050514061)
Atika Jihan Sadida (14050514062)

2. AUTOMOTIVE RADAR
2

3. Material Discussion
Automotive Radar
A. In a Car (Four Wheels)
 History
 Automotive Radar Equipment
 How measuring the distance of object
 Automotive Radar Application
 Autopilot Fiture
 Conclusion B. In a Motorcycle (Two
Wheels)
Motorcycle Radar Detector
3

4. A Brief History
Early 1970s become the beginning of the creation of
radar in the field of automotive. One of them, in 1970 a
company called VDO introduce a radar 10 GHz installed at
car. They introduce a radar in the rooftop of the car. 4 years
later AEG-Telefunken company introduce radar 35 GHz,
and the next year SEL company (Standard Electric Lorenz)
introduce radar with the frequency of the 16 GHz.
4

5. 10 GHz automotive
radar system built by
VDO in the early
1970s
35 GHz automotive
radar system built by
AEG-Telefunken in
1974
16 GHz automotive
radar system built by
Standard Electric
Lorenz (SEL) in 1975
5
Applications

6. Year Car-Company Radar-Manufacturer
1970 ? VDO
1974 ? Telefunken
1975 ? SEL
1996 Frightliner VORAD
1997 Chrysler VORAD
1998 Mercedes-Benz Millitech
1998/99 BW VDO/HIT
1998/99 Volvo Celcius/Philips
1998/99 Opel (GM) ?
1998/99 Volkswagen VDO/HIT/Rockwell
6

7. At the first time, radar used to detect the objects (car,
truck, motorcycle, pedestrians) at a relatively close. But
with technology development, radar can also used to detect
objects on a great distance .
Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC
PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-
sensor and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor
(Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).
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8. Automotive Radar Equipments
 Antenna
To catch signals and give the results on radio and
television.
 Camera
To monitor traffic at a distance and as an aid to vision
when parking.
 Radar
With monostatic radar (radar that could emit and
receive the signals). Used to detect objects around the
car.
8

9. Pr : The Received Power.
Pt : The Transmitted Power.
Lsys : System Losses.
R : Distance to the target.
σ : Radar cross section RCS .
Gr,Gt : Gain from receiver and transmitter.
𝜆 : Related to wavelength.
9
9

10. RADAR CROSS SECTION
Mazda 6 Mono-static
RCS
- Radar cross-section (RCS) is
a measure of how detectable
an object is with a radar. A
larger RCS indicates that an
object is more easily detected.
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- Typically characterized as
multiple separate scattering
centers
- Single RCS

11. Distance Measurement Method
 Direct Propagation (Doppler Effect)
There are two primary methods of measuring
distance using radar. The first is known as the direct
propagation method and measures the delay associated
with reception of the reflected signal which can be
correlated to the distance of the reflecting object as a
function of the speed of light and the period or rather,
the time delay in the transmission and receiving of the
waves.
11

12. 𝑓𝑑 =
2𝑣 𝑟
𝑐
𝑓𝑜 ; 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
12

13.  FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continous Wave)
The second method is known as the indirect propagation
method or the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
(FMCW) method. For indirect propagation, a modulated
frequency is sent and received, the difference in the
frequency can be used to directly determine the distance as
well as the relative speed of the object.
-
13

14. 14

15. Radar Application in a Car
15

16. Based on the distance of its scope, the detection
radar on an object are classified into two, namely in
SRR and LRR.
 SSR (Short Range Radar) (≤ 30 meter).
 LRR (Long Range Radar) (≅ 200 meter).
16

17. SRR and LRR Sensors
17
17

18. • Long Range Radar – LRR
• 55 dBm transmit power
• 10 – 250 m Range
• Range Resolution: 0.25 m
• Narrow Beam Looking
Ahead: ACC
• Short Range Radar – SRR
• -9 dBm/Hz transmit power
• 15cm – 30m Range
• Range Resolution: 3.75 cm
• Parking Aid, Close
Proximity to Vehicle
 Medium Range Radar – MRR
 -9 dBm/Hz transmit power
 77-81 GHz Band with 600
MHz BW
 1-100 m Range
 Range Resolution: 0.25 m
 Medium Distance: CTA
18

19. Automotive Radar Application
 Radar Cruise Control  Side Impact
 Blind Spot Detection  Parking Assist
 Lane Departure Alert
 Lane Keeping Assist
 Pre-Collision / Pre-Crash
 Collision Warning
 Notify Pedestrian
19

20. 20

21. RADAR CRUISE CONTROL
 (Making long highway drives easier and less tiring by maintaining a
distance with the vehicle ahead).
While staying within a preset speed range, the system
maintains an appropriate distance between vehicles, helping make
long highway drives less tiring. The system operates at all speeds,
enabling to follow the vehicle ahead in low speed. This, in turn,
helps reduce driver fatigue even in traffic congestion.
This system has three conditions:
21

22. [1] Cruise control at preset speeds
The vehicle will drive at a constant preset speed.
22

23. [2] Control of deceleration cruising and follow-up
cruising
Millimeter-wave radar determines the distance between
vehicles. By adjusting speed within a preset range
depending on the speed of the preceding vehicle, the
system maintains a safe distance while ensuring follow-up
and deceleration cruising.
23

24. [3] Acceleration speed control
Sensors (a camera and millimeter-wave radar) detect
vehicles moving in and out of the lane ahead. This helps
ensure smooth acceleration.
24

25. [4] Stop maintenance control (when all-speed cruise control is
available in system)
The system slows or stops your vehicle when the
preceding vehicle slows or stops. When the preceding
vehicle speeds up, the system makes your vehicle
accelerate accordingly, until it resumes the preset speed.
25
Stop Sensor
Go Sensor

26.  [When all-speed cruise control is unavailable:]
 The system slows your vehicle to 30 km/h or above when
the preceding vehicle slows down. The driver must
manually control deceleration below 30km/h.
 Video by Toyota-Global.com:
 Youtube search:
Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (DRCC) Toyota Safety Sense
Select 2016 Models Toyota
26
Dynamic Radar Cruise Control

27. 27

28. (Car tech that watches where you can’t see with your eyes)
You were taught to look over your shoulder before changing
lanes because side view mirrors don’t see everything. What
you may miss in a quick glance is what blind spot detection
picks up. This driver assistance technology senses cars
coming up in your blind spot behind or alongside you, and if
your turn signal is on, it alerts you not to change lanes. With
ultrasonic to detect nearby objects and also some data from the
video camera are combined by the central processing unit .
28

29. You’re warned by a flashing light on the side view
mirror and then a beep or steering wheel vibration. If
you’re not planning to change lanes (there is no turn
signal on), the warning light glows steadily but doesn’t
flash and there’s no audible alert.
Blind spot detection is a key technology among driver
aids that provide 360 degrees of electronic coverage
around your car, whether you are at speed or moving
slowly.
Youtube search:
(RAV4 How-To Blind Spot Monitor with Rear Cross-
Traffic Alert 2013 RAV4 Toyota)
(Know Your Toyota Blind Spot Monitoring System )
29
How to Blind Spot Monitor 1
How to Blind Spot Monitor 2

30. 30

31. Lane Departure Alert (LDA)
(Warning the driver when the vehicle deviates from its lane.).
This system alerts the alerts the driver if their vehicle
deviates from its lane. The onboard single lens camera
detects the vehicle’s position relative to the white or yellow
lane markings, and when the car begins to leave its lane
without turn signal activation, the driver is warned with an
audible and visual alert.
31

32. [1] Lane Detection
As the car is driving, the onboard camera detects the white
or yellow lane markings and its own relative position.
[2] Alert
As the vehicle begins to leave its lane without activating the
turn signal, the system generates an audible and visual alert to
get the driver’s attention. Youtube search:
32
Lane Departure Alert (LDA) Toyota
Safety Sense Select 2016 Models
Toyota

33. 33

34. Lane Keeping Assist
34
Lane Keeping Assist technology is designed to alert the
driver when the system detects that the vehicle is about to
deviate from a traffic lane. The system can also work in
conjunction with the Radar Cruise Control system to help
the driver steer and keep the vehicle on course. The
camera can recognize the lines on certain types of roads
and helps keep within the lines.
The camera will recognize the road structure (white
lines/yellow lines) and control the Electronic Power
Steering (EPS) based on the car's driving situation. This
will aid the driver's steering to stay within their lane.

35. 35
1. The Lane Departure Warning
Alerts the driver when the vehicle starts to deviate from
its lane with a warning buzzer, alert lamp and the
application of a small counter-steering force to the steering
wheel.
2. Lane Keeping Assist
When the Rader Cruise Control is activated and the
system senses the vehicle deviating from its lane, the
system helps the car stay on course near the center of the
lane by continuously applying a small amount of counter-
steering force.
Lane
departure
warning
Lane keeping
assist

36. 36

37. PRE-COLLISION
(Warning the driver about potential collisions)
Based on the vehicle’s position, speed and predicted
course relative to an object ahead, the vehicle uses
audible and visual alerts to warn the driver when
necessary.
Youtube search:
Pre-Collision System (PCS) Toyota Safety Sense
Select 2016 Models Toyota
37
Pre-Collision System

38. Collision Warning
• Front Collision Warning
Have the same principle as Radar Cruise Control.
• Cut-in Collision Warning / Side Impact Detection
Have the principle to detect objects on the side of the
car
• Rear-End Collision Warning
A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic
behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear
is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated
to alert the driver of the vehicle behind the object.
38
Rear-end Collision Avoidance System
(RCAS) High-tech car intelligent and safe
driving

39. 39

40. 40
EV-operated (Electric Vehicle) hybrid cars run very
quietly. In the case in Japan, every time the vehicle is
driven at 25km/h or reversing, the system can notify
pedestrians with an automated alert sound. To be
courtesy, the sound can be turned off.
Pedestrian Detection (PD) Toyota
Safety Sense Select 2016 Models
Toyota

41. 41

42. Measure position of object very close to the vehicle such as
curbs and other vehicles when parking with ultrasonic
sensor. This system has 3 conditions:
 Park Assist
 Backing Assist Rear View Monitor System
 Intelligent Parking Assist (IPA)
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Parking Assist

43.  Park Assist
The ultrasonic wave sensor is bulit into the corners of the
bumper, it detects the disance to objects and notifies the
driver with sound and display lamp alerts. There alse is
steering sensor can uses the steering maneuver and angle.
43
Toyota Safety
Technology
Parking Assist

44.  Back Guide Monitor
When backing up the vehicle, please check your
surroundings and confirm your safety. The camera
instaalled on the rear side of the vehicle displays the
view when backing into a garage.
44
Toyota Safety
Technology Back
Guide Rear View
Monitor System

45.  Intelligent Park Assist
This system assists with the steering wheel operation
while parallel parking or parking in garages. When the
driver sets the designed parking position on the monitor,
the system assists the steering wheel operation even if
the driver is not good aat parking, the will be able to park
their car more smoothly.
45

46. 46
Toyota How-To
Intelligent Park
Assist (IPA) 2016
Toyota Prius
Toyota

47. 47

48. 48
An autonomous car (driverless car,self-driving car, robotic
car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and
navigating without human input.
Autonomous cars can detect surroundings using a variety of
techniques such as radar, lidar, GPS, odometry, and computer
vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to
identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and
relevant signage.Autonomous cars have control systems that are
capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between different
cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the
desired destination..
Go for a Ride in
Ubers
Autonomous Car
Toyotas Highway
Teammate Autonomous
Driving Technology
demo-ed in a modified
Lexus GS

49. 49

50. RADAR APPLICATION IN A
MOTORCYCLE
50

51. Motorcycle Radar Detector
A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to
detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law
enforcement using a radar gun. Most radar detectors are used so
the driver can reduce the car's speed before being ticketed for
speeding. Only doppler radar-based devices can be detected —
other speed measuring devices including those using ANPR,
piezo sensors, and VASCAR technology cannot be detected.
LIDAR devices require a different type of sensor, although many
modern detectors include LIDAR sensors. Most of today's radar
detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands:
usually X, K, and Ka. In Europe the Ku band is common as well.
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52. Applications
52

53. 
Conclusion
53

54. The difference of 24 GHz radar and 77
GHz is located on a range of areas. If the 24
GHz radar (≤ 30 m) operate on SRR, then 77
GHz radar can operate up to LRR (≅ 200
metres).
54

55. Freescale 77 GHz Technology Advantages
• Multi-mode, multi-application capability (long- and mid-range)
1.Allows one radar to be used for multiple safety systems:
-Adaptive cruise control -Headway alert
-Collision warning -Mitigation and brake support
• Solid-state technology
1.Highest level integration
Most advanced SiGe technology with multi-channel transmitter and receiver chips
2.No moving parts.
The main advantages of the 77 GHz to 81 GHz frequency range (79 GHz
band) are that radar devices can be much smaller, a single technology can
be used for all applications, and the risk of mutual interference is low
because of the smaller emission power required.
3.Higher frequency radar systems tend to perform better because they are more
reliable and more accurate
• Class-leading performance and durability
1.Resistant to vibration and extremely robust
2.Innovative design provides excellent multi-target discrimination
Including precise range, approach speed and angle data
3.High speed FMCW waveform combined with 2D-FFT algorithm
Provides independent measurements of range and range rate
Provides superior detection of clustered stationary objects
55

56. A high-resolution system can determine whether a vehicle
will crash into an object or there will be a near miss. A low-
resolution system will have a higher rate of false alarms and will
miss a small object that is in front of a big one (see figure below).
56

57. Automotive Radar Applications
Application Detection Range Safety Aspect Technology
Adaptive Cruise
Control
200 meters
Normal driving;
accident avoidance
77 GHz Radar
Pre-Crash 30 meters
Accident; mitigation
of impact
77 GHz Radar / 24
GHz Radar 76 / 81
GHz Radar
Blind Spot
Detection
20 meters
Normal driving;
accident avoidance
24 GHz Radar/
Vision sensor
Lane Departure
Warning
60 meters
Normal driving;
accident avoidance
Vision sensor
Stop and Go 30 meters
Normal driving;
accident avoidance
77 GHz + 24 GHz
Radar 76/81 GHz
Radar
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58. THANK YOU  
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