Coccidiosis

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Introduction
 Coccidiosis is a common protozoan disease
 A disease of birds and mammals that chiefly affects the intestines, caused
by coccidia.
 The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected
feces or ingestion of infected tissue.
 Most animals infected with coccidia are asymptomatic, but young or
immunocompromised animals may suffer severe symptoms and death.
 While coccidia can infect a wide variety of animals, including humans,
birds, and livestock.
 One well-known exception is toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma
gondii.
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2

 The intestinal tract is affected, with the exception of the renal coccidiosis in geese.
 Clinically, bloody faeces, ruffled feathers, anaemia, reduced head size and somnolence
are observed.
Cont….

Coccidiosis in
Chickens:
Obligate
Relationship
between Eimeria
tenella and Certain
Species of Cecal
Microflora in the
Pathogenesis of
the Disease

Coccidiosis(Signs)
Clinical(Absent) Signs(clinical) Subclinical(Present)
Treat with anti-coccidials
Oocysts
(present)
Oocysts
(Absent)
Retarded
Growth
Present
Absent

Coccidia In Chickens
 Coccidiosis is a significant disease of chickens, especially affecting the
young chicks. It can be fatal or leave the bird with compromised
digestion. There are chick feed mixes that contain a coccidiostat to
manage exposure levels and control disease. In an outbreak,
coccidiocidal medications are given. Examples are toltrazuril (Baycox)
or amprolium. After multiple infections, surviving chickens become
resistant to the coccidia.

The area around the vent is stained
with blood. The infection is realized
by a faecal-oral route. After
ingestion of sporulated (infective)
oocysts, sporozoites are released
that enter asexual and sexual cycles
of development resulting in the
emergence of thousands of new
oocysts in the intestines. Oocysts
are distributed by faeces. Soon,
they sporulate and become
infective for chickens.

The intestinal lesions provoked by
coccidia, are due to injury of the
epithelial cells of the mucous coat
where the parasites are developed
and multiplied. The oocysts exist in
the litter in premises and are
distributed by clothes, shoes, dust,
insects etc. Pathoanatomically,
dehydration and a high degree of
anaemia of the body and viscera are
discovered

Anaemic appearance of internal organs. The
wet litter and the heat in premises favour of
the sporulation and therefore, the outbreak
of coccidiosis

Depending on the localization of
lesions in intestines, the
coccidioses are divided into
caecal, induced by E. tenella,
and small intestinal, induced by
E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E.
maxima, E. mitis, E. mivati, E.
necatrix, E. praecox and E.
nagani. In caecal coccidiosis, a
marked typhlitis is present and
haemorrhages are seen through
the intestinal wall.

 The caeca are filled with fresh or clotted blood.

a later stage, the caecal content becomes thicker, mixed with
fibrinous exudate and acquires a cheese like appearance.

Histology
 .Histologically, Eimeria organisms at a various stage of development
are detected in the epithelial intestinal cells. The diagnosis is made
upon the results of the complex evaluation of the clinical picture, the
macroscopic lesions, imprint preparations, histological study and
flotation. Coccidioses should be differentiated from NE, UE and
histomonosis (typhlohepatitis). Treatment - sulfonamides are widely
used: sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, I sulfamethazine, but they
should not I be used in layer hens. The supplementation I of vitamins
A and K promotes the recovery.

 The microscopic examination of a native preparation of intestinal
content or superficial mucosal layer reveals a significant number of
oocysts in one observation field. Prevention. The use of
coccidiostatics with forages on a rotation basis is the most extensively
used means. The immunization against coccidiosis with commercial
vaccines is used in broiler breeder flocks. If the chickens are exposed
to the natural effect of a moderate number of oocysts in their
environment, they develop immunity to the respective parasitic
species

In small intestinal coccidioses,
depending on the eimeria species,
haemorrhages with various intensities
in different parts along the intestine
are observed. In many instances, the
haemorrhages are petchial and could
be seen through the intestinal wall

Symptoms
 Symptoms of the acute form of the disease, which is usually
 confined to young chickens, include bloody diarrhea, weakness, and
 paleness, accompanied by high mortality. In the chronic malady,
 which generally occurs in pullets or cockerels, varying degrees of
 unthriftiness are observed. Fowls affected with either type of the
 disease perpetuate the disease on the premises and are thus a
 constant threat to healthy stock.

Diagnosis
 Diagnosis of coccidiosis may require careful consideration of
 the history' of the outbreak, symptoms, and autopsy findings, altho
 usually the presence of the disease is conclusively demonstrated by
 the finding of coccidia in intestinal contents or droppings when
 these are subjected to microscopic examination

Prevention
 Prevention of coccidiosis is largely a problem of sanitary
management.
 Frequent cleaning of brooder houses, the providing of
 well-drained, uncontaminated grounds, and the adoption of
 sanitary feeding methods are valuable control methods.

Treatment
 Treatment of coccidiosis generally involves three components.
 Kill the coccidiosis in the birds to stop further gut damage, this usually
involves an anticoccidial medication.
 control the bacterial disruption to the gut, this is treated by antibiotic
therapy.
 TLC, providing your bird with a warm dry environment and following
any medication advice. It is advisable at this stage to follow on with
provision of multivitamins and a probiotic to restore gut flora with a
product such as Beryl’s Friendly Bacteria

 RESISTANCE TO COCCIDIOSIS
 The number of coccidia which a bird swallows often determines
 the severity of the disease. Small numbers of the coccidia may be
 overcome but large numbers may lead to serious injury or death.
 Management methods that will reduce the intake of coccidia are
 therefore highly important.
 While poultry sometimes appear to develop some degree of resistance
 to coccidiosis as a result of light or mild coccidial infestations,
 the developing of resistance in this manner is not to be depended upon
 as a means of controlling the disease. Experimental feeding of small
 numbers of oocysts to birds has failed to produce a measurable resistance
 to this disease. Furthermore, any resistance which may develop
 as a result of mild infestations is apparently limited to the type of
 coccidium which produced it. And infections with two or more species
 of coccidia apparently serve to delay or prevent the development of
 any appreciable resistance to the disease.

 For the PREVENTION and CONTROL of COCCIDIOSIS
1. Guard against bringing into the flock stock that is infested with coccidiosis, or that has
been exposed to this
disease, or has recovered from it. Purchase only healthy stock from healthy flocks and
quarantine all purchased birds for several weeks before placing them with the flock.
2. Guard against the mechanical introduction of the disease by visitors to the premises,
by contaminated crates, and by carrier animals, including birds, rodents, and other
vermin.
3. Use sanitary containers to prevent contamination of feed and water.
4. Clean all floors and equipment thoroly and frequently-once
a day or oftener-in outbreaks of cecal coccidiosis in brooders or houses.
5. Cull and isolate affected birds promptly.
6. Burn contaminated litter and droppings or spread them on ground far removed from
the poultry plant.
7. Brood chicks on fresh ground, and rotate the ranges of pullets and hens.
8. Prevent contact between fowls of different ages

 http://www.thepoultrysite.com/publications/6/diseases-of-poultry/206/coccidiosis/
• http://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.brightspot.vetstreet.com/assets/97/10/a6c57
417-e3fe-42a9-8c8f-330a5df821cf.jpg
• https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/332
99/1093041.pdf?sequence=2

Coccidiosis

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