C language

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ C‬ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫* ﻣﻤﯿﺰات ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ - : C‬ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ C‬ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﺜل :-‬
‫- ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﻪ : ﺃﻯ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل .‬
‫- ﻟﻐﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ : Structured Language‬ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ‪ C‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨـﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ . ﻭﻜل ﺩﺍﻟﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ .‬
‫- ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ﺍﻟﺒﺕ ( ‪ - : Bit manipulation‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﺃ ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟـ ‪ . Bit‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ‪ Bit‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪. byte‬‬
‫- ﻟﻐﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠـﺔ ‪ : Portable‬ﺃﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ‪ C‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻤﺜـ ﻟ‬
‫‪ IBM‬ﻭ ‪. Apple‬‬
‫- ﻟﻐﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ : - ﻷﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ .‬
‫‪ANSI‬‬ ‫- ﻟﻐﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ : ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫‪The Basic Structure of c Program‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫- ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫> ‪# include < stdio .h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ) " ‪printf ( " hello egypt‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫- ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ > ‪ # include < ……h‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـﺩﻭﺍل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ – ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪. include‬‬
‫- ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) ( ‪ main‬ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ { ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ } .‬
‫- ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ .‬
‫- ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻜل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻔﺎﺼﻠﻪ ﻤﻨﻘﻭﻁﺔ ) ; (‬
‫- ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﻴﻥ /* */ ﻷﻯ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫∴ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ } {‬

‫١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬


‫‪Data Type‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ :-‬
‫- ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ ) ﺃﻯ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﺔ ( ‪ integer‬ﺃﻭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻯ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺭﻴﺔ( ‪. float‬‬
‫- ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ‬
‫* اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺎﯾﺖ ‪ byte‬اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ :-‬
‫ﺎﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻤﺯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫1‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻑ ) ‪( char‬‬
‫-٨٦٧٢٣ ﺇﻟﻰ ٨٦٧٢٣‬ ‫2‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ) ‪( int‬‬
‫-٨٤٦٠٣٨٤٠٧٤١٠٢ﺇﻟــــــــــــﻰ‬ ‫4‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻴل ) ‪( long‬‬
‫٨٤٦٠٣٨٤٠٧٤١٠٢‬
‫83 -‪ e‬ﺇﻟﻰ 83 + ‪e‬‬ ‫4‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ) ‪( float‬‬
‫803- ‪ e‬ﺇﻟﻰ 803+‪e‬‬ ‫8‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ) ‪( double‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع : -‬
‫- ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺤﺭﻑ : ﺃﻯ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ .‬
‫- ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ : ﺃﻯ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ) ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﺔ ( .‬
‫- ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻁﻭﻴل) ‪ : (Long‬ﺃﻯ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻯ ﻴﺨﺯﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻻ ﺴﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ‬
‫- ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ : ﺃﻯ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل 33. 5‬
‫- ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ : ﺃﻯ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺯﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ .‬
‫* ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ : - ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ :-‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ .‬ ‫-‬
‫‪ HP‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ‪ hp‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫-‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻭﺯﺓ .‬ ‫-‬
‫* اﻷﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات : -‬
‫- ﻓﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ C‬ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪ Variables‬ﻓﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺇﻤـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨـﺕ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ++ ‪ C‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫; ‪int a‬‬
‫; ‪float‬‬
‫* اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات ‪operators‬‬

‫٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺅﺜﺭ .‬
‫١- ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ‪arithmetic operators‬‬
‫‪addition‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫+‬
‫‪Subtraction‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫-‬
‫‪multiplication‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫*‬
‫‪division‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫/‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫٢- ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ‪ -:Relational operators‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ :‬
‫ﺎﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫1‬ ‫8>01‬ ‫>‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪greater than‬‬
‫٠‬ ‫8<01‬ ‫<‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪less than‬‬
‫0‬ ‫٨==٠١‬ ‫==‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪equal to‬‬
‫1‬ ‫٨=!٠١‬ ‫=!‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪not equal to‬‬
‫0‬ ‫8 = < ٠١‬ ‫=<‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪less than or equal to‬‬
‫٠‬ ‫8 = > 01‬ ‫=>‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪greater than or equal to‬‬

‫٣- ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ‪Logical operator‬‬
‫ﺎﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫1‬ ‫7 > 9 && 8 > 01‬ ‫&&‬ ‫ﻭ ‪AND‬‬
‫١‬ ‫8 < 7 || 8 < 0 1‬ ‫||‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪OR‬‬
‫1‬ ‫) 8 = = 01( !‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﻻ ‪NOT‬‬

‫٤- ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ‪Assignment Operators‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ٦ = ٩‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪى‬
‫‪+ = addition assignment operators‬‬ ‫11‬ ‫5=+‪A‬‬ ‫5+ ‪A = a‬‬
‫‪Subtraition assignment opertors‬‬ ‫1‬ ‫5=-‪A‬‬ ‫5–‪A=a‬‬
‫‪Multipication assibnment operators‬‬ ‫03‬ ‫5=*‪A‬‬ ‫5+‪A=a‬‬
‫‪Division assignment operators‬‬ ‫2‬ ‫3=/‪A‬‬ ‫3/‪A=a‬‬

‫٥- ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ‪Decrement &increment‬‬

‫٣‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫7‬ ‫++ ‪A‬‬ ‫1+‪A=a‬‬
‫ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫5‬ ‫-- ‪A‬‬ ‫1–‪A=a‬‬

‫٦- ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ %‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﻪ ) ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻫل ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ 5 = ‪ a‬ﻭﻜﺘﺏ 2 % ‪ C = a‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ 2 / 5 = 1‬

‫دوال اﻹدﺧﺎل واﻹﺧﺮاج‬

‫* داﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ )(‪* printf‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻪ : ﻜل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻑ ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ # include‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )( ‪ printf‬ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻑ ‪ stdio.h‬ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ #‬
‫> ‪ include < stdio.h‬ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻤـﻊ ﺒـﺎﻗﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ) ( ‪ printf‬ﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫) ‪ ( String , char , float , int‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ .‬
‫ﻭﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫-‬
‫ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل ١‬
‫) " ‪printf ( " welcome with compuscience‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺹ " "‬
‫ﻤﺜ ﺎ ل ٢‬

‫; ) " ‪printf ( " n welcome n with n compuscience‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل : ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺩ ٠٠١ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ‪ new line‬ﺃﻯ ﺴﻁﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ٠٠١ ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬
‫‪welcome‬‬
‫‪with‬‬
‫‪compusciene‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) (‪printf‬‬
‫ﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬

‫٤‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫) “ ‪printf ( " n‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ‪new line‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫) “ ‪print f ( " t‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ٨ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ) ‪( Tap‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫) " ‪print f ( " b‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ‪Backspace‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ : ) " 14‪printf ( “ x‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸـﺭ‬ ‫‪xdd‬‬
‫‪hexadecimal‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ : ) ”101 " ( ‪printf‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻰ ‪octol‬‬ ‫‪ddd‬‬
‫) ‪( each d represents a digit‬‬
‫) "" " ( ‪printf‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺹ ‪double quate‬‬ ‫”‬
‫) “ ‪printf ( " a‬‬ ‫ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﺭﺓ ) ﻴﺒﺏ (‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫* ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ :‬
‫/ * 1 ‪/ * program name‬‬
‫> ‪# include < stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ) “ ‪printf ( " n this text display in new line‬‬
‫; ) “ 2‪printf ( " n word1 t lab1 t tab‬‬
‫; ) “ ‪printf ( " n bell a bell b‬‬
‫; ) “ “ ‪printf ( " n this line display quotations‬‬
‫; ) “ ‪printf ( " n‬‬
‫}‬
‫* ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ : ﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )( ‪print f‬‬
‫ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " % d “ , a‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " % f “ , b‬‬
‫- ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ % ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ . ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﻭﻜل ﺤﺭﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ .‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ :‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻜﻮد‬

‫٥‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫)01 - , “ ‪printf ( " % d‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻰ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪%d‬‬
‫‪( Signed decimal integer ) int‬‬
‫) 705 , “ ‪printf ( “ % p‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬ ‫‪%f‬‬
‫‪( floating point ) float‬‬
‫)“ ‪printf ( “ % c “ , “ a‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ) ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ (‬ ‫‪%c‬‬
‫‪char Single character‬‬
‫) “ ‪printf ( “ % s “ , “ is‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫‪%s‬‬
‫‪String‬‬
‫) ٠1 “ , “ ‪printf ( “ % u‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻰ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ (‬ ‫‪%u‬‬
‫) ‪(unsigned decimal integer‬‬
‫) ‪printf ( “ % x “ , af‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ‪hex‬‬ ‫‪%x‬‬
‫) 76 , “ ‪printf ( “ % o‬‬ ‫‪Qctal‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻰ‬ ‫‪%o‬‬

‫* ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫/ * 2 ‪/ * program name‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int a , b , c‬‬
‫; ‪float f‬‬
‫; ‪long t‬‬
‫; ‘ ‪char ch = ‘y‬‬
‫; " ‪char name [10] = " aly‬‬
‫;5=‪a‬‬
‫; 01 = ‪b‬‬
‫;‪c=a+b‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf (“ n c = % d “ , c‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “n f = % f “ , f‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf (“ n name = % s “ , name‬‬
‫; )‪printf ( “ n ch = % c “ , ch‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “n t = % ld “ , t‬‬
‫}‬

‫* ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻞ *‬
‫• ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ١ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ٢ ﻴﺸﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ > ‪ # include < stdio.h‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪stdio.h‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪printf‬‬

‫٦‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٣ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) ( ‪ main‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ٤ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ {‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ 5 , 6 , 7 ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٨ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ ch‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺤﺭﻑ ) ‪ ( char‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪y‬‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ name‬ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪Aly‬‬
‫• ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٠١ ، ١١ ، ٢١ ﻹﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪ A , B‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫• ﺜﻡ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ { ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺎت : ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪ : % 3F‬ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟـﺭﻗﻡ 5376.435‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ 476.435‬

‫* داﻟﺔ اﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ) ( ‪*Scanf‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﺄﺨﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪Print f‬‬
‫ﻤﺜ ﺎ ل :‬

‫٧‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int a , b , c‬‬
‫; ‪float r , s , t‬‬
‫;]01[ ‪char name‬‬
‫; ) " : ‪printf ( " n n enter your name‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( " % s " , name‬‬
‫; ) " = ‪printf ( " a‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( " % d " , & a‬‬
‫; ) " = ‪printf ( “ b‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( % d " , & b‬‬
‫; ) " = ‪printf ( " r‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( " % f " , &r‬‬
‫; ) " =‪printf ( " s‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( " % f " & s‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " n welcome % s " , name‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " n n c = a + b = % d " , a + b‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " n n t = r + s = % d " , r + s‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻞ‬
‫• ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪a , b , c , r , s , t , name‬‬
‫• ﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )(‪ printf‬ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ‪enter your name‬‬
‫• ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ scan f‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﺩﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﻨﺼـﻔﻬﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ‪name‬‬
‫٠٠٠٠ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫• ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ scan f‬ﻓﻰ ﺴﻁﺭ ) ‪ scan f ( ) ( “ % d " , &a‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪a‬‬

‫# ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ & #‬
‫‪ : &a‬ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ a‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ a‬ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ & ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ :-‬
‫‪enter your name : ahmed‬‬
‫5=‪a‬‬
‫٠1 = ‪b‬‬
‫٠2 = ‪r‬‬
‫٠3 = ‪s‬‬

‫٨‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫‪welcome ahmed‬‬
‫51 = ‪c = a + b‬‬
‫05 = ‪t = r + s‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ : ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬
‫> ‪# include < stdio .h‬‬
‫/ * ‪/ * program to calculate erea of circle‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫/* ‪/ * function heading‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪float redius, area‬‬ ‫/* ‪/* variable declarations‬‬
‫; ) “ ? = ‪printf ( “ redius‬‬ ‫/* ‪/* output statement‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( “ % f “ , redius‬‬ ‫/* ‪/* input statement‬‬
‫; ‪area = 3.14159 * redius * redius‬‬ ‫/* ‪/* assignment statement‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “ area = % f “ , area‬‬ ‫/* ‪/* output statement‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻜـﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫* دوال إدﺧﺎل ﺣﺮف * ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﺍل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ :‬
‫) ( ‪getchar ( ) , getche ( ) , getch‬‬
‫١ – اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ ) - : getchar‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪( stdio .h‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺨﺎل ‪enter‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫; ‪char a‬‬
‫; ) ( ‪a = getchar‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “ % c “ , a‬‬

‫٢- اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ ) - : getche‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪( conio .h‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﻅﻬــﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﺨﺘـــﻠﻑ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـــﺔ‬
‫) ( ‪ getchar‬ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺨﺎل ‪ enter‬ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ .‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫; ) ( ‪a = getche‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “ % c “ , a‬‬

‫٣ – اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ ) : getch‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪( conio.h‬‬

‫٩‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺨﺎل ‪ enter‬ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫; ) ( ‪a = getch‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “ % c “ , a‬‬

‫* داﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺮف واﺣﺪ ) ( ‪ ) : putchar‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪( stdio.h‬‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫- ﻓﻤﺜﻼ )' ‪ putchar ( ' a‬ﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ‪ a‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬

‫* داﻟﺔ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ) ( ‪ * gets‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪stdio.h‬‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ gets‬ﻓﻰ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ‪string‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫;]02[‪char name‬‬
‫; )‪gets (name‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ gets‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪Name‬‬
‫* داﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ) ( ‪ * puts‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ‪stdio.h‬‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ‪ string‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل :‬
‫“ ‪char name[10] = “ ahmed‬‬
‫; )‪puts (name‬‬
‫; ) “ ‪puts ( “mohammed‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫‪ahmed‬‬
‫‪mohammed‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ : ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ]01[‪ char name‬ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ name‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺤﺭﻓﻰ ﻭﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ٠١ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬

‫* ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻒ ‪include‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻐﺮ ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻨﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫‪stdlib.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ i‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫) ‪abs ( i‬‬
‫‪math.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻟـ ‪d‬‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫) ‪log ( d‬‬
‫‪math.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺩ 1‪ d‬ﻤﺭﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ 1‪d‬‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫) 2‪pow ( d1 , d‬‬
‫‪math.h‬‬ ‫) ‪ labs ( e‬ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻴل ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟـ ‪l‬‬
‫‪math.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺠﻴﺏ ‪d‬‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫) ‪sin ( d‬‬

‫٠١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫‪math.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻟـ ‪d‬‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫) ‪sqrt ( d‬‬
‫‪string.h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ 2‪ s‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ 1‪s‬‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫) 2‪strcpy ( s1,s‬‬

‫أواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ main‬ﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ . ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ : -‬

‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ) اﻟﺪورات(‬

‫أوﻻ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ‪Loop‬‬
‫١- اﻟﺪوارة ‪ : for‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫; ‪For ( initial – value ; condition ; increment ) ; statement‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ :‬
‫‪ : initial – value‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ : condition‬ﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ : increment‬ﻫﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل : ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ٩‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int i‬‬
‫) ++ ‪for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( “ n i = % d " , i‬‬
‫}‬
‫* ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻤﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ‪ : For‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ { ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ } ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﻙ .‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل : ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫/ * ‪/ * calculate the average of n numbers‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int n , count‬‬
‫; 0 = ‪float x , average , sum‬‬
‫/ * ‪/ * initialize and read in a value for n‬‬

‫١١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫; ) " ? ‪printf ( " how many numbers‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( " % d " , & n‬‬
‫/ * ‪/ * read in the numbers‬‬
‫) ++ ‪for ( count = 1 ; count < = n ; count‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ) “ = ‪printf ( “ x‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( “ % f " ; & x‬‬
‫; ‪sum + = x‬‬
‫}‬
‫/ * ‪/ * calculate the average and write out the answer‬‬
‫; ‪average = sum / n‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " n the average is % f n " , average‬‬
‫}‬
‫* اﻟﺪوارات اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪For‬‬
‫- ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫‪ loop‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﻨﺘﻬـﻰ‬ ‫- ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Loop‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ .‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل : ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ١ × ١ ﺇﻟﻰ ٢١ × ٢١‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int i , j‬‬
‫) ++ ‪for ( i = 1 ; i < = 12 ; i‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )" ‪printf ( “ in‬‬
‫) ++ ‪for ( j = i ; j < = 12 ; j‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " i * j = % d " , i * j‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫• اﻟﺪوارة اﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ : For‬ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ CTRL + C‬ﻭﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ) ;; ( ‪For‬‬
‫٢ – اﻟ ﺪوارة ‪ :while‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ while‬ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺠﻤل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :‬
‫) ‪While ( condition‬‬ ‫) ‪While ( condition‬‬
‫; ‪Statement‬‬ ‫{‬
‫; 1 ‪statement‬‬
‫}‬

‫٢١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫• ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ } { ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ) (‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ . ‪ False‬ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ .‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻔﺭﺍ ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ‪ False‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ : ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪While‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; 1 = ‪int n , count‬‬
‫; 0 = ‪float x , average , sum‬‬
‫; ) " ? ‪printf ( “ how many number‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( “ % d , & n‬‬
‫; ) ‪while ( count < = n‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )" = ‪printf ( “ x‬‬
‫; ) ‪scanf ( “ % f " , & x‬‬
‫; ‪sum + = x‬‬
‫;++ ‪count‬‬
‫}‬
‫; ‪average = sum / n‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf ( " n the average is % f " ; average‬‬
‫}‬
‫* ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ For‬و ‪* While‬‬
‫- ﺍﻟـ ‪ For‬ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻨﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫- ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ while‬ﻓﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ‪ while‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ‬
‫٣- اﻟﺪوارة ‪ : Do … while‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ do while‬ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺠﻤل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ . ﺃﻯ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ Do‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻻ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻰ ) ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ True‬ﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ False‬ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ : ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ٠ ﺇﻟﻰ ٩‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; 0 = ‪int count‬‬
‫; 0 = ‪int total‬‬
‫‪do‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪total + = count‬‬

‫٣١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫; ) " ) ‪printf ( “ count = % d , total = % d n “ , count ++ , total‬‬
‫}‬
‫; ) 01 = < ‪while ( count‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿ ً : اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾ ﻎ : ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺴﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ .ﺃﻯ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺒﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ .‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫١( اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻎ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوط‬
‫* ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط ‪ : IF‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ IF‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ) ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻰ (‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫) ‪if ( condition‬‬
‫; ‪statement‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ) ‪ ( condition‬ﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻼ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ‪ if‬ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻗﻭﺱ { ﻗﺒل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ } ﻓﻰ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ :‬
‫{‬
‫}‬

‫* ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ‪ if‬اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ : ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﻤل ‪ if‬ﻓﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ :‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻰ …. ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬

‫* اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ ‪ : if …else‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :‬
‫{‬
‫1 ‪statement‬‬
‫}‬
‫‪else‬‬
‫{‬
‫2 ‪statement‬‬
‫}‬

‫٤١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ) ‪ ( condition‬ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪ true‬ﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ) 1 ‪ ( statement‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻨﻔﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) 2 ‪ ( statement‬ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ ‪ if ….else‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ .‬

‫* اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﯿﺔ ‪ : if …. else if‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ : ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺠﻤل ‪ IF‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ : -‬
‫;5=‪i‬‬
‫; ) 5 < ‪if ( i‬‬
‫; ) " 5 ‪printf ( “ i less than‬‬
‫) 5 = ‪if ( i‬‬
‫; ) " 5 ‪printf ( " i equal to‬‬
‫) 5 > ‪if ( i‬‬
‫; ) “ 5 ‪printf ( “ i greater than‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫) ‪else if ( condition‬‬
‫) ‪else if ( condition‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻜﺂﻻﺘﻰ :‬
‫;5=‪I‬‬
‫) 5 < ‪if ( i‬‬
‫; ) " 5 ‪printf ( “ i less than‬‬
‫) 5 = ‪else if ( i‬‬
‫; " 5 ‪printf ( “ i equal to‬‬
‫) 5 > ‪else if ( i‬‬
‫; ) " 5 ‪printf ( " i greater than‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﻠﻤﺞ : اﺷﺮح وﻇﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ٣١و٧ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ :-‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; 2‪float num1 , num‬‬
‫; ‪char op‬‬
‫)1( ‪while‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ) " ‪printf ( “ type number , operator , number n‬‬
‫٥١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ ــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬C ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
scanf ( “ % f % c % f ) , & num 1 , & op , & num 2 ) ;
if ( op = = ' + ' )
printf ( “ = % f " , num1 + num2 ;
else if ( op = = ' – ' )
printf ( “ = % f “ , num1 – num2 ;
else if ( op = = ' * ' )
printf ( " % f " , num1 * num2 ;
else if ( op = = ' / ' )
printf (“ = % f " , num1 / num2 ;
printf ( " n n " ) ;
}
}

Switch …. case ‫٢ - اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬ Switch ‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
Switch ‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ . ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
Switch ….. case ‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ : ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
#include < stdio.h>
main ( ) /* void main(void) */
{
float num1,num2;
char ch,op;
do
{
printf( “in type num1 op num2: “ ) ;
scanf( “%f %c %f “, &num1,&op,&num2);
switch (op)
{
case “+”;
printf ( "sum = %f ", num1+num2);
break;
case “-”;
printf ( "sub = %f ", num1-num2);
break;

١٦ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫;”*“ ‪case‬‬
‫;)2‪printf ( "mul = %f ", num1*num‬‬
‫;‪break‬‬
‫;”/“ ‪case‬‬
‫;)2‪printf ( "div = %f ", num1/num‬‬
‫;‪break‬‬
‫:‪default‬‬
‫;)”. ‪printfn unknowen operator‬‬
‫}‬
‫;)“ :)‪printf(“n Again (y/n‬‬
‫}‬
‫:) ’‪while (( ch=getch())== ‘y‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ : ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺩﺓ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻊ ‪ switch ….. case‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓـﻰ ﻗـﻭﺍﺌﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ) ( ‪menu‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ break‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ‪switch‬‬

‫٣( اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻎ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوط ‪goto‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﻙ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪char ss‬‬
‫:‪ss‬‬
‫;)”‪printf(“t ALLAH‬‬
‫;‪goto ss‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت : - ﻻ ﻨﻨﺼﺢ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ goto‬ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫- ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻀﻐﻁ ‪CTRL+C‬‬

‫** دوال ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت واﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت **‬
‫)١( داﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ) (‪ : clrscr‬ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﻪ ‪conio.h‬‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫) (‪clrscr‬‬ ‫- ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫)٢( داﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ووﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ) (‪ : gotoxy‬ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﻪ ‪conio‬‬

‫٧١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺸﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ‪ x‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ‪y‬‬
‫) (‪gotoxy‬‬ ‫- ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل : ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ 03 ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﻜﺘﺏ )01,03(‪gotoxy‬‬

‫)٣( داﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻟﻮن اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ) (‪ : textcolor‬ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﻪ ‪conio.h‬‬
‫- ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﻪ‬
‫- ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻪ‬
‫)‪textcolor(color no‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫)‪textcolor(color name‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ . ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻛﻮاد اﻷﻟﻮان وأﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻠﻮ ﻧ‬ ‫ﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻠﻮ ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻠﻮ ﻧ‬
‫‪BLACK‬‬ ‫0‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻭﺩ‬
‫‪BLUE‬‬ ‫١‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺭﻕ‬
‫‪GRCEN‬‬ ‫٢‬ ‫ﺃ ﺨﻀ ﺭ‬
‫‪CYAN‬‬ ‫٣‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪RED‬‬ ‫٤‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺭ‬
‫‪MAGENTA‬‬ ‫٥‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬
‫‪BROWN‬‬ ‫٦‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫‪LIGHTGRAY‬‬ ‫7‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
‫‪DARKGRAY‬‬ ‫٨‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﺎﻤﻕ‬
‫‪LIGHBLUE‬‬ ‫٩‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺭﻕ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
‫‪LIGHTGREEN‬‬ ‫٠١‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
‫‪LIGHTRED‬‬ ‫١١‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
‫‪LIGHTRED‬‬ ‫٢١‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
‫٨١‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

LIGHTMAGENTA ١٣ ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ‬
YELLOW ١٤ ‫ﺃﺼﻔﺭ‬
WHITG ١٥ ‫ﺃﺒﻴﺽ‬

: ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫١- اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ اوﺪﻋ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻟﻤﺪة ٠٢ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬
: ‫٦% ﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ ٠٠١ $ واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
f=p(1+i)n
‫ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬I ‫ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ‬p ‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻨﻮﺎ ﺗ‬n :‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
** ‫** اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main()
{
float p,r,n,i,f;
/* read input data */
printf( “please enter a value for the princepal (p) : “ );
scanf(“%f” k &p);
printf(“please enter a value for the interest rate( r) : “ );
scanf(“%f”, &r);
printf(“please enter a value for the number or year ( n) : “ );
scanf(“%f”, &n);
/*calculate i , then f */
i=r/100
f=p*pow((1+i),n);
/* write output */
١٩ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫;)‪printf( “n the final value (f) is : %2f n”,f‬‬
‫}‬

‫٢- اﻛﺘــﺐ ﺑﺮﻧــﺎﻣﺞ ﻹﻳﺠــﺎد اﻟﺠــﺬور اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿــﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟــﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿــﺔ‬
‫0 = ‪ax2 + bx +c‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺎ ﻣ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ‬

‫=‪X‬‬ ‫‪− b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫2‬
‫‪− 4 ac‬‬
‫‪2 a‬‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ **‬
‫>‪# include <stdio.h‬‬
‫>‪# include < math.h‬‬
‫/* ‪/* real roots of a quadratic equation‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;2‪float a,b,c,d,x1,x‬‬
‫/* ‪/* read input data‬‬
‫;) “ =‪printf(“a‬‬
‫;)‪scanf(“%f”,&a‬‬
‫;) “ =‪printf(“b‬‬
‫;)‪scanf(“%f”,&b‬‬
‫;) “ =‪printf(“c‬‬
‫;)‪scanf(“%f”,&c‬‬
‫/* ‪/* carry out the calculations‬‬
‫;)‪d=sqrt(b*b – 4*a*c‬‬
‫٠٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫;)‪x1=(-b+d)/(2*a‬‬
‫;)‪x2=(-b-d)/(2*a‬‬
‫/* ‪/* write output‬‬
‫‪printf(“x1= “,%e‬‬ ‫;)2‪x2=%e “,x1,x‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :‬
‫‪ : %e‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫٣- اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﺜﯿﺮة اﻟﺤﺪود‬

‫1− ‪x‬‬ ‫5 1− ‪1 x −1 2 1 x −1 3 1 x −1 4 1 x‬‬
‫(=‪y‬‬ ‫( +)‬ ‫( + )‬ ‫( + )‬ ‫( + )‬ ‫)‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2 x‬‬ ‫‪3 x‬‬ ‫‪4 x‬‬ ‫‪5 x‬‬

‫1− ‪x‬‬
‫(= ‪u‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫*ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ:- ﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫2 ‪u‬‬ ‫3 ‪u‬‬ ‫4 ‪u‬‬ ‫5 ‪u‬‬
‫+ = ‪y‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫+‬ ‫+‬
‫2‬ ‫3‬ ‫4‬ ‫5‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ **‬

‫>‪# include<stdio.h‬‬
‫>‪# include<math.h‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪float u,x,y‬‬
‫/* ‪/* read input data‬‬
‫;) “ = ‪printf (“ x‬‬
‫;) ‪scanf(“ %f “,&x‬‬
‫/* ‪/* carry out the calculations‬‬
‫;‪u= (x –1)/x‬‬
‫;5/).5,‪y=u+pow(u,2.)/2+pow(u,3.)/3+poe(u,4.)/4+pow(u‬‬

‫١٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫‪printf(“x= “,%f‬‬ ‫;) ‪y =”%f “, x,y‬‬
‫}‬

‫٤- ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ‬
‫>‪# include<conio.h‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;]01[‪char pass‬‬
‫‪do‬‬
‫{‬
‫;) “ :‪printf(“n enter password‬‬
‫;)‪scanf(“%s”,pass‬‬
‫}‬
‫;)0=!)”‪while(strcmp(pass,”dahe‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ:‬
‫• ﻫﻨﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) (‪ : strcmp‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ‪ string‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺼﻔﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺮ:-‬
‫) ﻋﺪم ﻇﮫﻮر ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﮫﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ (‬

‫>‪# include<conio.h‬‬

‫٢٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

main( )
{
chat ch;
char pass[10];
do
{
textcolor(WHITE);
textbackground(BLUE);
cprintf(“n enter password: “ );
textbackgrounf(WHITE);
cscanf(“%s”,pass);
}
while(strcmp(pass,”dahe”)!=0);
}

:‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﻢ ادﺧﺎﻟﮫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻋﺪد ﺣﺮوﻓﮫﺎ وﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬

/* count characters and word in a phrase ‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬typed in */
# include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
int charcnt=0;
int wordcnt=0;
char ch;
printf(“ type in a phrase : n “);
/* read characters and quit loop on [ return ] */
while((ch=getche())!=’r’);
{
charcnt ++ /* count character */
if(ch==’ ‘ ); /* space ? */
wordcnt++;
}
printf(“n character count is %d “,charcnt );
printf(“n word count is %d “ , wordcnt );
}
‫ﺗﺬﻛـــﺮ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ‬
printf( ) ‫ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬

٢٣ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫) (‪puts‬‬ ‫ﻁ ﺒ ﺎ ﻋ ﺔ ﻋ ﺒ ﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺕ ﺤ ﺭ ﻓ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻘ ﻁ‬
‫) (‪scanf‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫) (‪gets‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)(‪getch‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫) (‪getche‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻪ ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫) (‪clrscr‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫) (‪gotoxy‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬
‫) (‪textcolor‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫) (‪textbackground‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫‪cprintf( ) , cputs‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫‪cscanf( ), cgets‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬

‫اﻟـــــﺪوال ‪FUNCTION‬‬
‫ا ﻟ و ﻻ ﻓﻰ ﻟﻐﺔاﻟ ــ ‪ C‬ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ :-‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫)١( ﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ Built in Function‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) (‪ printf‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) (‪scanf‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺩﻭﺍل ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻯ ﻤﺒﺭﻤﺞ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫)٢( ﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺭﺓ ‪-:User Function‬‬
‫- ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻤﺞ‬
‫- ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ : ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ . ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻰ‬

‫ﻣ ﺰﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﺎ ﻣ اﻟﺪ ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫١- ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ : ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﻭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫٢- ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ:‬
‫>‪# include < filename‬‬
‫;‪function declarations‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫٤٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫1‪function‬‬
‫}‬

‫{‬
‫------‬
‫------‬
‫}‬

‫{‬
‫------‬
‫------‬
‫}‬

‫أﺬ ﻧ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ :-‬
‫)٢( ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫)١( اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل : داﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻮ ﻧ دﻟﯿﻞ‬

‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫>‪#include<conio.h‬‬
‫;)‪void line2(void‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫) (‪clrscr‬‬
‫) (2‪line‬‬
‫;)“ ‪printf(“ ** Allah the god of all world ** n‬‬
‫) (2‪line‬‬
‫/* ‪/* end of main( ) function‬‬
‫}‬
‫)‪void line2(void‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪int j‬‬
‫;)++‪for(j=0;j<=40;j‬‬
‫;)“ * “ (‪printf‬‬
‫;)“ ‪printf(“n‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ) (2‪ line‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) (2‪ line‬ﻓﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ :-‬

‫٥٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول : ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪ function declaration‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫) (‪ main‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗـــﻡ ٣ ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻭﻁﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﺃﻋﻼﻥ.‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿ ﻊ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻰ : ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) (‪ main‬ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪ function coling‬ﺃﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ) (2‪ line‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻁﺭ‬
‫٧ﻭ٩ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻨﻜﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ.‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿ ﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ : ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ) (‪ .main‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴـﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫‪ function definition‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ . ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ١١ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ { ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺱ }‬

‫‪** Function Type‬‬ ‫** أﻮﺎ ﻋ اﻟﺪ ﻻ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫‪int function‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫‪float function‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪string function‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪void function‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍل ﻻ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪struct function‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍل ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪structure‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ :‬
‫>‪# include <stdion.h‬‬
‫) ‪int sum(int a, int b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;04 = ‪int z , x = 10 , y‬‬
‫;)‪z = sum(x,y‬‬
‫;) ‪printf(“nn z = %d “ , z‬‬
‫}‬
‫/* ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ */‬
‫) ‪int sum(int a , int b‬‬
‫{‬

‫٦٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫;‪int s‬‬
‫;‪s=a+b‬‬
‫;‪return s‬‬
‫}‬
‫** ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ **‬
‫- ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٢ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ) (‪ sum‬ﻭﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ int‬ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺍل‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ void‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ.‬
‫- ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٦ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪ x ,y‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫)ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ (‬
‫- ﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ٩ ﺍﻟﻰ ٤١ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ :-‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٩ ﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ a‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ x‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ٠١. ﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ b‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ y‬ﻭﻫﻰ ٠٤.‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ٢١ ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ a‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ b‬ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ‪s‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٣١ ﻨﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ s‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪return‬‬
‫• ﻨﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ )‪ z = sum(x,y‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٦ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪. z = s‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ: ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺠﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ.‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺠﻌﺔ ‪ int‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪int‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺠﻌﺔ ‪ float‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪float‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ)ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ (return‬ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‪void‬‬

‫** اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ **‬
‫- ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫- ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )‪ void line2(void‬ﺍﻯ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫* ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ *‬
‫>‪# include < stdio.h‬‬
‫>‪# include <conio.h‬‬
‫)‪void line3(int no‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫) (‪clrscr‬‬
‫;)03(3‪line‬‬
‫;)“ ‪printf(“ ** Allah the god of all world ** n‬‬
‫;)07(3‪line‬‬
‫}‬
‫٧٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫/* ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ */‬
‫)‪void line3(int no‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪int j , no‬‬
‫) ++‪for(j = 0 ; j <= no ; j‬‬
‫;) “ * “(‪printf‬‬
‫;)”‪printf(“n‬‬
‫}‬
‫** ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ : ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﻫﻭ ‪ .no‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﺭﺴـﺎل ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ.‬

‫** اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮﺎ ﺗ **‬
‫- ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫- ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ) ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ (‬

‫* ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬
‫/* ‪/* determine the largest of three integer quantities‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪int a, b, c, d‬‬
‫/* ‪/* read the integer quantities‬‬
‫;)“ = ‪printf(“n a‬‬
‫;) ‪scanf( % d “ , &a‬‬
‫;)“ = ‪printf(“n b‬‬
‫;) ‪scanf( % d “ , &b‬‬
‫;)“ = ‪printf(“n c‬‬
‫;) ‪scanf( % d “ , &c‬‬
‫/* ‪/* calculate and display the maximum value‬‬
‫;) ‪d = maximum( a, b‬‬
‫;)) ‪printf(“n n maximum = % d , maximum(c ,d‬‬
‫}‬
‫/* ‪/* determine the larger of two integer quatities‬‬
‫) ‪maximum(x ,y‬‬

‫٨٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫;‪int x ,y‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪int z‬‬
‫;‪z = (x >= y ) ? x | y‬‬
‫;)‪return(z‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ : ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ) ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﺔ |? ( ﺤﻴﺙ :-‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‪ test‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫- ) ‪(x > = y‬‬
‫- ؟ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ‪if‬‬
‫- | ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ‪Else‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ‪ (x >= y‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ x‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟ ﻘﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ‪y‬‬

‫** ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪا م ا ﻟ و ﻻ أﻛﺘﺐﺑﺮ ﻧ ﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت إﻟﻰ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻊ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻔﺮق‬

‫/* ‪/* calculates difference between two times‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;2‪int mins1 , mins‬‬
‫;) “ :) 22:3 ‪printf(“ type first time ( from‬‬
‫;)(‪mins1=getmins‬‬
‫;) “ ‪printf(“ type second(later) time‬‬
‫;)(‪mins2=getmins‬‬
‫;)1‪printf(“ Difference is %d minutes.” , mins2-mins‬‬
‫}‬
‫/* ‪/* getmins function‬‬
‫/* ‪/* gets time in hours : minutes formal‬‬
‫/* ‪/* return time in minutes‬‬
‫) (‪getmins‬‬
‫{‬
‫;‪int hours, minuts‬‬
‫;)‪scanf(“ %d : %d “, &hours , &minutes‬‬
‫;)‪return(hours * 60 + minutes‬‬
‫}‬

‫* اﻵﺗﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ داﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ‪ int‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ داﻟﺘﯿﻦ :-‬
‫- ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫٩٢‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻜﻌﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫-‬
‫>‪# include < stdio.h‬‬
‫:)‪int sqr(int a‬‬
‫:)‪int qup(int q‬‬
‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;01= ‪int s , qu , no‬‬
‫;)‪s = aqr(no‬‬
‫;)‪qu = qup(no‬‬
‫:) ‪printf(“n squer of no = %d “ , s‬‬
‫:) ‪printf(“n qupic of no = %d “ , qu‬‬
‫}‬
‫)‪int sqr(int a‬‬
‫{‬
‫;1‪int v‬‬
‫;‪v1= a*a‬‬
‫;1‪return v‬‬
‫}‬
‫) ‪int qup(int q‬‬
‫{‬
‫;2‪int v‬‬
‫;‪v2=q*q*q‬‬
‫;2‪return v‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻨ ﻔﻴ ﺫ :‬
‫001 = ‪squar of on‬‬
‫0001 = ‪qupic of on‬‬

‫اﻵﺗـﻲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ داﻟـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ‪ float‬ﺗﻘـﻮم ﺑﺠﻤـﻊ رﻗﻤـﯿﻦ وإﻋـﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟـﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟـﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴـﯿﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ اﻻﺳـﺘﺪﻋﺎء . واﻟﻘﯿﻤـﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺠﻌـﺔ ﻗﯿﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ‪ float‬وﻳﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﻮع اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪float‬‬
‫>‪# include < conio.h‬‬

‫) ‪float add( float x , float y‬‬

‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;2‪float no1, no‬‬
‫;) : 2‪printf(“n enter no1 , no‬‬
‫:) 2‪scanf(“ %f ,%f “ , &no` ,&no‬‬

‫٠٣‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

printf(“n addition of number is %f”, add(no1,no2) );
}

float add(float x , float y );
{
float yt;
yt= x + y ;
return yt;
}

-: ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
Enter no1 ,no2 : 3,2 , 4,3
Addition of squares is 6.5

‫** اﻵﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﺪد ﻓﺮﺪى ﺄ ﻣ زوﺟﻰ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎ اﻟﻌـﺪد ﺳـﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺄ ﻣ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

# include < stdio.h>
/* tests use of external variables */

int keynumb;

main( )
/* external variables */
{
printf(“ type keynumb : “ );
scanf(“%d “ , &keynumb );
addeven( );
negative( );
}

/* checks if keynumb is odd or even */
oddeven( )
{
if (keynumb % 2 )
printf(“ keynumb is odd. n”);
else
printf( “ keynumb is even. n”);
}

٣١ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

‫/* ‪/* checks if keynumb is nagative‬‬
‫) (‪ngative‬‬
‫{‬
‫) 0 < ‪if (keynumb‬‬
‫;)”‪printf(“ keynumb is negative . n‬‬
‫‪else‬‬
‫;)”‪printf( “ keynumb is positive . n‬‬
‫}‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛــــﺮو ‪MACROS‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﻏﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ ‪ function‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺸـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﺭﻭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺌﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﺠﺕ ﺇﻴﻪ ) ﺃﻯ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒـﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ (‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ : ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﺭﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟـــ ‪C‬‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻛﺮو :-‬
‫- ﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪#define‬‬
‫- ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪ directive‬ﺍﻭ ‪ preprocessor‬ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬

‫‪# define macro line‬‬ ‫* اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫‪#define‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫5‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻼ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺒﻁﺭﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪ a‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ 5‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﺮو وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫‪# define sum(a,b) a+b‬‬
‫‪# define mul(x,y) x*y‬‬

‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬

‫٢٣‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤــﺔ‬

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