Taking VANET to the Clouds

Old Dominion University

Taking
T ki VANET to the Clouds
t th Cl d

M. Abuelela
S. Olariu


Work
W k supported b NSF grant CNS 0721586.
t d by t

MoMM 2010, Paris, France, November 2010 1 11/19/2010


Outline

• What is VANET?
• Wh t i cloud computing?
What is l d ti ?
• Why vehicular clouds?
• Potential applications
• Research challenges
• A call to action



VANET – the dream

F. Doetzer, Privacy Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

MoMM 2010, Paris, France, November 2010 11/19/2010
3


VANET – the killer app
• Huge potential societal impact
• An overnight success with
automotive industry
y
various government agencies (USDOT, FCC, etc)
standardization bodies: ASTM, IEEE, SAE, ISO
• Emergence of projects and initiatives
f
Car-2-Car communication consortium
Vehicle Safety Consortium
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration
Networks on Wheels

4


VANET – in a nutshell

• Main characteristics
uses vehicles as network nodes
vehicles move at will relative to each other but
within the constraints of the road infrastructure
• Communications
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (2V)
zero-infrastructure
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
roadside devices
WAVE/DSRC/802.11p

5


In case you haven’t noticed

• Vehicles are becoming more sophisticated
powerful on board computing capabilities
on-board
tons of on-board memory
significant communication capabilities
no power limitations
• Computations capabilities supported by
hosts of sensors and actuators
on-board radar and GPS



Smart vehicles are upon us



Cloud computing – the idea

• Basic idea: “why buy when you can rent?”
exactly what you need
exactly when you need it
• An IT paradigm shift suggested by
a better understanding of virtualization
low cost high-speed Internet
advances in parallel and distributed databases
excess hardware/software/middleware capacity
• Very appealing to startups and other players
little upfront investment
virtually no maintenance costs


Look Ma who’s playing
• The cloud computing paradigm offers new opportunities for
developers and infrastructure providers
• The idea of decoupling computational assets from physical
infrastructure poses numerous research challenges
i f h h ll
think on-line service delivery + security+ privacy
• Key players
Amazon
Microsoft
Google
Dell
IBM
• Who is running cloud services?
initially it was mostly the SMB but this is no longer the case


Cloud computing services

• There are three broad ways of viewing cloud computing-
y g p g
based services
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) also known as Hardware as a
Service (HaaS)
( )
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• A cloud computing i evolving b l
As l d ti is l i by leaps and b
d bounds th
d the
boundaries between the services are nebulous and still
evolving



Infrastructure as a Service – IaaS

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): also knows as Hardware
as a service HaaS
suggested by a better understanding of virtualization
a provision model in which an organization outsources its own
equipment to support client operations, including storage, hardware,
servers and networking components
the service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for
housing, running and maintaining it
the client typically pays on a per-use basis
e.g. desktop virtualization that offer fully customized desktop
computers along with software for standard applications
p g pp



Software as a Service – IaaS

• Software as a Service (SaaS)
also known as software on demand
with SaaS, a provider licenses an application to customers as a
service on demand or pay-as-you-go
enables users to access applications remotely over the Web
• Advantages include
open-source APIs
pre configured
pre-configured software solutions
helps automate many aspects of running a business
sales force automation, customer management, etc



Platform as a Service – PaaS

• Platform as a Service (PaaS): Involves the delivery of a computing
platform and solution stack as a service
PaaS facilitates the deployment of applications without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and
software
PaaS provides the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of
building and delivering web applications and services
PaaS may include
facilities for application design, application development, testing,
deployment and hosting as well as application services such as team
collaboration, web service integration , database integration, security,
scalability, storage, etc



Cloud computing – a broader picture

• Virtualization + excess capacity implies that cloud services
can give the user on-demand (virtual) computer resources
• More generally, when you have excess capacity consider
generally
lending it out to whose who need it (are ready to pay for it!)
• What are the big issues that shape adoption?
security
privacy
reliability
operational control



Vehicular clouds – motivation

• It is expected that in the near future (most of) the vehicles will
have a quasi-permanent Internet presence
• O b d capabilities are lik l t remain under-utilized b
On-board biliti likely to i d tili d by
road-safety applications
• Thus, VANET will start to support other services in order to
, pp
achieve the full potential of capabilities
• What are people talking about?
location-specific
location specific services to the traveler
multimedia content delivery
p2p applications
• Can we be bolder than that?


Vehicular clouds

• To keep things simple, we focus on vehicular IaaS
• In the next few slides we illustrate our vision by discussing
applications that are feasible today
• In the first two scenarios the resources are mostly static
• In the others, the resources are more dynamic



A cloud in your parking lot

• Consider the parking lot of a typical enterprise on a typical
workday
• hundreds/thousands cars go
unused for hours on end
• Why rent computational/storage
resources elsewhere?
• you have them in your own backyard
• they are yours to waste!



Data center at the mall
• US statistics show that the average shopper spends between
two and three ours at the mall
• 65% spend more than two hours
p
• The shopping mall may decide
to provide pay-as-you-go
computing services
• by using the resources of the
parked cars
• The shoppers cars get free
parking + other perks in return



Dynamically rescheduled traffic lights
• Imagine a sporting event attended by thousands of p p
g p g y people
• When the game is over, everyone tries to get home as fast
as possible
• It would be nice to reschedule
traffic lights to help mitigate
congestion
• Who are the players?
• The municipality
has the authority and the code
does not have the hardware
• The cars
have the computational power
lack the th it
l k th authority and th code
d the d


Dynamic HoV lane designation

• A major US-DOT initiative
• The idea is to schedule HoV
lanes in real time as required
by traffic flow
• As before
the municipality has the
authority and the code
the vehicles (stuck) in traffic
have the computational power to
make things happen

From trekearth.com



Planned evacuations (1)

• In cases of predicted disasters, massive planned evacuations are
often necessary in order to minimize the impact on human lives
• Once an evacuation is underway, finding available gasoline
underway gasoline,
drinking water, shelter and medical facilities quickly becomes an
issue
• The 2005 hurricane e ac ations in Ne Orleans and Ho ston
h rricane evacuations New Houston
have confirmed that there is no room for mistakes or
misjudgment here



Planned evacuations (2)

• We anticipate that the vehicles
involved in the evacuation will
be organized into one or several
inter-operating VC that will work
hand in hand with the
emergency management center
g y g
• In the course of this interaction,
the emergency managers can
upload information about open
shelters to the central server



Network as a Service – Naas

• Sending adds to vehicles
proved to be big business
• Vehicles with Internet access
can be used as a network cloud
to reach thousands of
customers on the move
• This is not all bad
• People can subscribe to email,
p
Internet access or location-
specific services in a pay-as-
y g
you-go fashion



Storage as a Service (1)

• It is expected that computers in cars will have multiple
Terabytes of storage attached to them
• This is mainly because of two reasons
firstly, persistent storage is becoming less expensive over time, a
Terabytes of storage costs less than $40 now, a negligible cost
compared to the cost of the vehicle itself
p
secondly, cars have plenty of space to accommodate multiple hard
drives even with today’s technology and sizes.
needless to say that having a huge unused persistent storage sitting
idle is a waste of resources



Storage as a Service (2)

• This available storage can then be used in many
applications in the vehicular cloud
• Referring back to the data center on the mall that we
discussed earlier , this available storage can be rented by
the mall management for customers over the Internet
• Another example is to use that storage in content deli er
e ample se delivery
and p2p applications where a file is decomposed into
several pieces, and the blocks distributed across nodes of
the t
th network . The interested users collect diff
k Th i t t d ll t different bl k to
t blocks t
reconstruct the file again



VC – vehicular cloud

• Vehicles are ideal candidates for nodes in clouds of various
resources
• Vehicular Cloud (VC)
a group of vehicles whose corporate computing, sensing,
communication and physical resources can be coordinated and
dynamically allocated to authorized users
• How are VCs different from the classic clouds?
mobility
agility
autonomy



How are VCs different?

• Mobility: the presence of vehicles in close proximity to an event
is often un-planned
pooling of the resources in support of mitigating the event must occur
spontaneously
• Agility: refers to the ability of VCs to tailor the amount of
shared resources to the actual needs of the situation in support
of which the VC was constituted
agility does not exist in conventional clouds and is an important defining
g y p g
characteristic of VCs
• Autonomy: refers to the decision of each vehicle to participate
in the VC



How is an VC set up?

• The formation of an VC involves the following
a broker elected spontaneously will attempt to form an AVC
the broker will secure a preliminary authorization from a higher (city) forum
the broker will inform the vehicles in the area of the received authorization and will
invite participation in the VC.
the cars will/or will not respond to the invitation on a purely autonomous basis
the broker decides if a sufficient number of vehicles have volunteered and will then
announce the formation of the VC
the cars in the VC will pool their computational resources to form a powerful
supercomputer that using a digital map of the area will produce a proposal
that, area,
schedule to the higher (city) forum for approval and implementation
once the proposal has been accepted and implemented, the VC is dissolved



Possible AVC Architecture

Authorithy

AP AP
AP



VC research challenges

• To make VCs reality research is needed along the following
reality,
three engineering dimensions
architectural
functional
f i l
operational and policy



VC architectural challenges

• Elastic mobile architecture
VC networking and protocol architecture must be developed to accommodate
changing application demands and resource availability on the move
• Resilient architecture
VC basic structural and composed building blocks must be designed and
engineered to withstand structural stresses induced by the inherent instability in
g y y
the operating environment.
• Service-oriented network architecture
contemporary layered network architectures, (e.g. the TCP/IP stack) have
proven inadequate in face of evolving applications and technologies
we envision the adoption of service-oriented component-based network
architectures with intrinsic monitoring and learning capabilities



VC functional challenges

• Enabling VC autonomy
research is needed on developing a trustworthy base, negotiation and strategy,
efficient communication protocols, data p
p , processing and decision support
g pp
systems, etc.
• Managing highly dynamic cloud membership
there is a critical need to efficiently manage mobility resource heterogeneity
mobility, heterogeneity,
trust, and vehicle membership
• Cyber-Physical control
AVCs can be defined by their aggregated cyber and physical resources Their
resources.
aggregation, coordination and control are non-trivial research issues.
• Cooperation between VCs



VC policy challenges
• Trust and trust assurance
research is needed on developing a trustworthy base, negotiation and strategy
formulation methodology, efficient communication protocols, data processing
• Contract-driven versus ad hoc VC
we anticipate that the bulk of VCs will be contract-driven, where the owner of
the vehicle or fleet consents to renting out some form of excess computational
or storage capacity
in addition to the contract-based form of VC, there should be possible to form a
AVC in an ad hoc manner as necessitated by dynamically changing situations
• Effective operational policies
In order for the AVCs to operate and inter-operate seamlessly, issues related to
authority establishment and management, decision support and control
structure, the establishment of accountability metrics, assessment and
y
intervention strategies, rules and regulations, standardization, etc.



A call to action

• We expect cloud computing to see a phenomenal adoption
rate and penetration of the IT market
• As cloud computing takes root it will be emulated by other
areas
• It is only a matter of time before it will be extended to
• vehicular assets from individual vehicles to entire fleets
• cell phones and other commodity consumer products
• Are we ready for this paradigm shift?



The Dump



A possible AVC architecture
p

Higher
authorithy

AP AP
AP



InVeNet

• InVeNet = VANET + Intelligent Transportation Systems
to improve traffic safety and reduce congestion
• Vehicles may provide
weather warnings
road conditions
collision warning
congestion warning
intersection assistance

From trekearth.com
k h



CENTRAL CONTROL
CENTER
TRANSIT

DYNAMIC SIGNAL
EN-ROUTE TRAFFIC ADVISORIES DSRC AND OTHER CONTROL
AND ASSISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS

911 OR OTHER
CALL CENTER
PRE-TRIP PLANNING

COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
OPERATIONS TRAVELER ASSISTANCE
VARIABLE
MESSAGE
SIGNS



InVeNet
Smart Vehicles
On-board GPS, digital maps
Vehicle-based environment sensors Dedicated Short Range
Significant computation, storage, Communications (DSRC)
communication capability 5.850-5.925 GHz
Not power constrained V2V, V2R communication
802.11p protocol
7 channels, dedicated safety channel
6- 27 Mbps
Up to 1000 m tx range
USDOT Vehicle Infrastructure Integration
Initiative
I iti ti
Public/private partnership
“Establishment of vehicle-to-vehicle and
vehicle-to-roadside communication
capability nationwide”
nationwide
Improve safety, reduce congestion


Evacuation Issues

Available Resources
Contraflow
Travel Time



Possible AVC Architecture

Authorithy

AP AP
AP


Taking VANET to the Clouds

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