The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.

1. Mesopotamian Civilization Oriental PisayKordi

13. Mesopotamia: "Land Between the Two Rivers"

14. Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

15. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

19. Worshiped many gods. Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Saw afterlife as a grim place. Everybody would go into darkness and eat dust. To keep the gods happy, each city built a ziggurat, or pyramid temple. Each state had distinct social hierarchy, or system of ranks. Most people were peasant farmers. Women had legal rights; some engaged in trade and owned property. City-states with hereditary rulers. Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. RELIGION SOCIAL STRUCTURE GOVERNMENT

20. “ The Cuneiform World” Mesopotamian Trade

22. Cuneiform Writing

23. Deciphering Cuneiform

25. Sumerian Scribes “ Tablet House”

27. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

29. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

31. Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

33. The Royal Standard of Ur

34. Mesopotamian Harp

35. Board Game From Ur

36. Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

37. Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

38. The Babylonian Empires

39. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

40. Hammurabi, the Judge

42. Babylonian Numbers