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D17108 gc30 sg1
1.
Unauthorized reproduction or
distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited a ) has c om ฺ ailฺ uide gm 10g: Oracle Database nt G SQL @ rale tude Fundamentals I a hlk his S (r Guide A OStudente t • Volume 1 s N KR to u I e L MA icens A HU ble l L E R nsfera RA -tra KA non D17108GC30 Edition 3.0 January 2009 D57870
2.
SQL Star International
Limited Authors Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Disclaimer Salome Clement Chaitanya Koratamaddi This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and Nancy Greenberg other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may Technical Contributors not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish, Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. and Reviewers license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the express authorization of Oracle. Wayne Abbott Christian Bauwens The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the document, please report them in writing to: Oracle University, Claire Bennett 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, California 94065 USA. This document is not Perry Benson warranted to be error-free. Brian Boxx Restricted Rights Notice Zarko Cesljas Dairy Chan If this documentation is delivered to the United States Government or anyone using the documentation on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is Laszlo Czinkoczki applicable: a has Joel Goodman Matthew Gregory U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS ) Sushma Jagannath c om ฺ The U.S. Government’s rights to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or ailฺ uide disclose these training materials are restricted by the terms of the applicable Oracle Yash Jain license agreement and/or the applicable U.S. Government contract. Angelika Krupp gm t G @ n Trademark Notice rale tude Isabelle Marchand Malika Marghadi a Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other Valli Pataballa r hlk his S names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Narayanan Radhakrishnan A O ( se t Bryan Roberts I KR to u Helen Robertson AN nse U John Soltani L M lice Lata Shivaprasad AH rable James Spiller R LE ansfe Priya Vennapusa A AR on-tr K Editors n Arijit Ghosh Raj Kumar Graphic Designer Rajiv Chandrabhanu Publisher Giri Venugopal
3.
SQL Star International
Limited Contents Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Preface I Introduction Lesson Objectives I-2 Goals of the Course I-3 Oracle10g I-4 Oracle Database 10g I-6 a Oracle Application Server 10g I-7 ) has om ฺ Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Grid Control I-8 c ailฺ uide Relational and Object Relational Database Management Systems I-9 Oracle Internet Platform I-10 gm t G @ n rale tude System Development Life Cycle I-11 a hlk his S Data Storage on Different Media I-13 r O ( se t Relational Database Concept I-14 A KR to u Definition of a Relational Database I-15 I AN nse Data Models I-16 L M lice Entity Relationship Model I-17 U R AH rable Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions I-19 A LE ansfe Relating Multiple Tables I-21 Relational Database Terminology I-23 AR on-tr K n Relational Database Properties I-25 Communicating with an RDBMS Using SQL I-26 Oracle’s Relational Database Management System I-27 SQL Statements I-28 Tables Used in the Course I-29 Summary I-30 1 Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement Objectives 1-2 Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements 1-3 Basic SELECT Statement 1-4 Selecting All Columns 1-5 Selecting Specific Columns 1-6 Writing SQL Statements 1-7 Column Heading Defaults 1-8 iii
4.
SQL Star International
Limited Arithmetic Expressions 1-9 Using Arithmetic Operators 1-10 Operator Precedence 1-11 Defining a Null Value 1-12 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions 1-13 Defining a Column Alias 1-14 Using Column Aliases 1-15 Concatenation Operator 1-16 Literal Character Strings 1-17 Using Literal Character Strings 1-18 Alternative Quote (q) Operator 1-19 Duplicate Rows 1-20 a Development Environments for SQL 1-21 ) has What Is Oracle SQL Developer? 1-22 c om ฺ Oracle SQL Developer Interface 1-23 ailฺ uide Creating a Database Connection 1-24 gm t G @ n rale tude Browsing Database Objects 1-27 a hlk his S Using the SQL Worksheet 1-28 r A O ( se t Executing SQL Statements 1-31 Formatting the SQL Code 1-32 I KR to u AN nse Saving SQL Statements 1-33 L M lice Running Script Files 1-34 U R AH rable Displaying the Table Structure 1-35 Using the DESCRIBE Command 1-36 A LE ansfe Summary 1-37 AR on-tr K n Practice 1: Overview 1-38 2 Restricting and Sorting Data Objectives 2-2 Limiting Rows Using a Selection 2-3 Limiting the Rows That Are Selected 2-4 Using the WHERE Clause 2-5 Character Strings and Dates 2-6 Comparison Conditions 2-7 Using Comparison Conditions 2-8 Using the BETWEEN Condition 2-9 Using the IN Condition 2-10 Using the LIKE Condition 2-11 Using the NULL Conditions 2-13 Logical Conditions 2-14 iv
5.
SQL Star International
Limited Using the AND Operator 2-15 Using the OR Operator 2-16 Using the NOT Operator 2-17 Rules of Precedence 2-18 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Using the ORDER BY Clause 2-20 Sorting 2-21 Substitution Variables 2-22 Using the & Substitution Variable 2-24 Character and Date Values with Substitution Variables 2-26 Specifying Column Names, Expressions, and Text 2-27 Using the && Substitution Variable 2-28 Using the DEFINE Command 2-29 a Using the VERIFY Command 2-30 ) has Summary 2-31 c om ฺ Practice 2: Overview 2-32 ailฺ uide gm t G 3 Using Single-Row Functions to Customize ral e@ den Output a tu Objectives 3-2 r hlk his S SQL Functions 3-3 A O ( se t KR to u Two Types of SQL Functions 3-4 I AN n Single-Row Functions 3-5 se L M ic Character Functions l3-7e U Case-Manipulatione AH rabl Functions 3-9 R LE ansfe Using Case-Manipulation Functions 3-10 A Character-Manipulation Functions 3-11 AR on-tr the Character-Manipulation Functions 3-12 K n Using Number Functions 3-13 Using the ROUND Function 3-14 Using the TRUNC Function 3-15 Using the MOD Function 3-16 Working with Dates 3-17 Arithmetic with Dates 3-20 Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates 3-21 Date Functions 3-22 Using Date Functions 3-23 Practice 3: Overview of Part 1 3-25 Conversion Functions 3-26 Implicit Data Type Conversion 3-27 Explicit Data Type Conversion 3-29 Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates 3-32 v
6.
SQL Star International
Limited Elements of the Date Format Model 3-33 Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates 3-37 Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers 3-38 Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions 3-41 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. RR Date Format 3-43 RR Date Format: Example 3-44 Nesting Functions 3-45 General Functions 3-47 NVL Function 3-48 Using the NVL Function 3-49 Using the NVL2 Function 3-50 Using the NULLIF Function 3-51 a Using the COALESCE Function 3-52 ) has Conditional Expressions 3-54 c om ฺ CASE Expression 3-55 ailฺ uide Using the CASE Expression 3-56 gm t G @ n DECODE Function 3-57 a rale tude r hlk his S O ( se t Using the DECODE Function 3-58 Summary 3-60 A Practice 3: Overview of Part 2 I KR to u 3-61 AN nse L M Using the Group Functions U le e 4 Reporting Aggregated Datalic Objectives A H E R 4-2 ferab AL trans What Are Group Functions? 4-3 R - KA Types of Group Functions 4-5 n onFunctions: Syntax Group 4-4 Using the AVG and SUM Functions 4-6 Using the MIN and MAX Functions 4-7 Using the COUNT Function 4-8 Using the DISTINCT Keyword 4-9 Group Functions and Null Values 4-10 Creating Groups of Data 4-11 Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause Syntax 4-12 Using the GROUP BY Clause 4-13 Grouping by More Than One Column 4-15 Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns 4-16 Illegal Queries Using Group Functions 4-17 Restricting Group Results 4-19 Restricting Group Results with the HAVING Clause 4-20 vi
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SQL Star International
Limited Using the HAVING Clause 4-21 Nesting Group Functions 4-23 Summary 4-24 Practice 4: Overview 4-25 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 5 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Objectives 5-2 Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables 5-3 Types of Joins 5-4 Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax 5-5 Creating Natural Joins 5-6 Retrieving Records with Natural Joins 5-7 a Creating Joins with the USING Clause 5-8 ) has Joining Column Names 5-9 c om ฺ Retrieving Records with the USING Clause 5-10 ailฺ uide Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names 5-11 gm t G @ n Using Table Aliases 5-12 rale tude lka h5-14 his S Creating Joins with the ON Clause 5-13 r O ( se t Retrieving Records with the ON Clause A KR to ato 5-17 Self-Joins Using the ON Clause 5-15 u I AN ns Applying Additional Conditions e Join L M lice Creating Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause 5-18 U AH rable Nonequijoins 5-19 R LE ansfe 5-21 with Nonequijoins 5-20 Retrieving Records A Outer AR on-tr Joins OUTER Joins 5-22 K n INNER Versus LEFT OUTER JOIN 5-23 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 5-24 FULL OUTER JOIN 5-25 Cartesian Products 5-26 Generating a Cartesian Product 5-27 Creating Cross Joins 5-28 Summary 5-29 Practice 5: Overview 5-30 6 Using Subqueries to Solve Queries Objectives 6-2 Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem 6-3 Subquery Syntax 6-4 Using a Subquery 6-5 vii
8.
SQL Star International
Limited Guidelines for Using Subqueries 6-6 Types of Subqueries 6-7 Single-Row Subqueries 6-8 Executing Single-Row Subqueries 6-9 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Using Group Functions in a Subquery 6-10 The HAVING Clause with Subqueries 6-11 What Is Wrong with This Statement? 6-12 Will This Statement Return Rows? 6-13 Multiple-Row Subqueries 6-14 Using the ANY Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries 6-15 Using the ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries 6-16 Null Values in a Subquery 6-17 a Summary 6-19 ) has Practice 6: Overview 6-20 c om ฺ ailฺ uide 7 Using the Set Operators gm t G @ n Objectives 7-2 a rale tude Set Operators 7-3 r hlk his S Tables Used in This Lesson 7-4 A O ( se t UNION Operator 7-8 I KR to u AN nse Using the UNION Operator 7-9 UNION ALL Operator M UL Operator e7-12 7-11 c Using the UNION ALL ble H li A E R nsfera INTERSECT Operator 7-13 L RA therINTERSECT Operator 7-14 Using t a KA MINUS - non Operator 7-15 Set Operator Guidelines 7-17 The Oracle Server and Set Operators 7-18 Matching the SELECT Statements 7-19 Matching the SELECT Statement: Example 7-20 Controlling the Order of Rows 7-21 Summary 7-22 Practice 7: Overview 7-23 8 Manipulating Data Objectives 8-2 Data Manipulation Language 8-3 Adding a New Row to a Table 8-4 INSERT Statement Syntax 8-5 Inserting New Rows 8-6 viii
9.
SQL Star International
Limited Inserting Rows with Null Values 8-7 Inserting Special Values 8-8 Inserting Specific Date Values 8-9 Creating a Script 8-10 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Copying Rows from Another Table 8-11 Changing Data in a Table 8-12 UPDATE Statement Syntax 8-13 Updating Rows in a Table 8-14 Updating Two Columns with a Subquery 8-15 Updating Rows Based on Another Table 8-16 Removing a Row from a Table 8-17 DELETE Statement 8-18 a Deleting Rows from a Table 8-19 ) has Deleting Rows Based on Another Table 8-20 c om ฺ TRUNCATE Statement 8-21 ailฺ uide Using a Subquery in an INSERT Statement 8-22 @ n gm t G Database Transactions 8-24 rale 8-26 de Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements Stu a (r hlk his Controlling Transactions 8-27 A O 8-28se t KR 8-29 u Rolling Back Changes to a Marker Implicit Transaction Processinge to I AN COMMIT or ROLLBACK 8-31 State of the Data Before en s U L M lic AH rable State of the Data After COMMIT 8-32 R fe LE ansthe Data After ROLLBACK 8-34 Committing A State 8-33 AR on-tr of Data Rollback 8-36 K n Statement-Level Read Consistency 8-37 Implementation of Read Consistency 8-38 Summary 8-39 Practice 8: Overview 8-40 9 Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables Objectives 9-2 Database Objects 9-3 Naming Rules 9-4 CREATE TABLE Statement 9-5 Referencing Another User’s Tables 9-6 DEFAULT Option 9-7 Creating Tables 9-8 Data Types 9-9 ix
10.
SQL Star International
Limited Datetime Data Types 9-11 Including Constraints 9-17 Constraint Guidelines 9-18 Defining Constraints 9-19 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. NOT NULL Constraint 9-21 UNIQUE Constraint 9-22 PRIMARY KEY Constraint 9-24 FOREIGN KEY Constraint 9-25 FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Keywords 9-27 CHECK Constraint 9-28 CREATE TABLE: Example 9-29 Violating Constraints 9-30 a Creating a Table by Using a Subquery 9-32 ) has ALTER TABLE Statement 9-34 c om ฺ Dropping a Table 9-35 ailฺ uide Summary 9-36 gm t G @ n Practice 9: Overview 9-37 a rale tude r hlk his S 10 Creating Other Schema Objects A O ( se t Objectives 10-2 KR to u I e Database Objects 10-3 AN s L M licen What Is a View? 10-4 U le Advantages AH rab of Views 10-5 E R nsf Complex Views 10-6 Simple Views ande L RA -ta a 10-7 Creating r View KA Retrieving Data from a View 10-10 non Modifying a View 10-11 Creating a Complex View 10-12 Rules for Performing DML Operations on a View 10-13 Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Clause 10-16 Denying DML Operations 10-18 Removing a View 10-20 Practice 10: Overview of Part 1 10-21 Sequences 10-22 CREATE SEQUENCE Statement: Syntax 10-24 Creating a Sequence 10-25 NEXTVAL and CURRVAL Pseudocolumns 10-26 Using a Sequence 10-28 Caching Sequence Values 10-29 Modifying a Sequence 10-30 x
11.
SQL Star International
Limited Guidelines for Modifying a Sequence 10-31 Indexes 10-33 How Are Indexes Created? 10-35 Creating an Index 10-36 Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Index Creation Guidelines 10-37 Removing an Index 10-38 Synonyms 10-39 Creating and Removing Synonyms 10-41 Summary 10-42 Practice 10: Overview of Part 2 10-43 11 Managing Objects with Data Dictionary Views a Objectives 11-2 The Data Dictionary 11-3 ) has c om ฺ Data Dictionary Structure 11-4 ailฺ uide How to Use the Dictionary Views 11-6 gm t G @ n rale tude USER_OBJECTS and ALL_OBJECTS Views 11-7 a hlk his S USER_OBJECTS View 11-8 r Table Information 11-9 Column Information 11-10 RA O ( se t K u N 11-12se to Constraint Information I A View Information 11-15 en SequenceU L M lic le H Information 11-16 RA ferab Synonym Information 11-18 E n Comments to a Table 11-19 AL Adding s ra R Summary 11-20 KA non-t Practice 11: Overview 11-21 A Practice Solutions B Table Descriptions and Data C Oracle Join Syntax D Using SQL*Plus E Using SQL Developer Index xi
12.
SQL Star International
Limited Additional Practices Additional Practices: Table Descriptions and Data Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Additional Practices: Solutions a ) has c om ฺ ailฺ uide gm t G @ n a rale tude r hlk his S A O ( se t I KR to u AN nse U L M lice R AH rable A LE ansfe AR on-tr K n xii
13.
SQL Star International
Limited Preface Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. a ) has c om ฺ ailฺ uide gm t G @ n a rale tude r hlk his S A O ( se t I KR to u AN nse U L M lice R AH rable A LE ansfe AR on-tr K n
14.
Unauthorized reproduction or
distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited a ) has c om ฺ ailฺ uide gm t G @ n a rale tude r hlk his S A O ( se t I KR to u AN nse U L M lice R AH rable A LE ansfe AR on-tr K n
15.
SQL Star International
Limited Profile Before You Begin This Course Before you begin this course, you should be able to use a graphical user interface (GUI). The prerequisite is a familiarity with data processing concepts and techniques. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. How This Course Is Organized Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals I is an instructor-led course featuring lectures and hands-on exercises. Online demonstrations and written practice sessions reinforce the concepts and skills that are introduced. a ) has c om ฺ ailฺ uide gm t G @ n a rale tude r hlk his S A O ( se t I KR to u AN nse U L M lice R AH rable A LE ansfe AR on-tr K n
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