2. Occur in all Eukaryotic cells.
Involved in energy production.
contain enzymes for citric-acid cycle
Oxidative phosphoryation.
Production of ATP from ADP.
3. shape Very small organelles(0.5 *1-2 µm).
Higher plants Rod shape with hemispheroidal ends, Some
are cup or filamentous shape.
Vary from globular to threadlike or
branched
Animals Long filaments , not spatial in arrangement.
4. Distribution Cells with active processes, Near
wall ingrowths or chloroplast.
Free in the cytoplasm.
Packed in rigid structures, such
among the myofibrils of cardiac
muscle tissue.
5. Numbers Depends on what the cell needs to do.
Examples Flagellated protozoa or sperm, they are found
around the base of the flagellum.
Cardiac muscle, they surround the contractile
parts.
Hummingbird flight muscle is the richest
sources of mitochondria.
Surviving When energy is not enough, more
mitochondria are created ,they grow, move, and
combine with other mitochondria.
6. Double membrane organelle.
The double-membrane described as a large
wrinkled bag packed inside of a smaller,
unwrinkled bag.
The two membranes create 3
compartments within the organelle differ in
structure and function.
Compartments The space between two membranes is
called inter-membrane space.
7. The matrix which fills the space of inner
mitochondrial membrane.
The cristae space (formed by infoldings of
the inner membrane).
Is
a smooth simple phospholipid bilayer
membrane.
Ions,nutrient molecules, ATP, etc pass
through outer membrane with ease.
8. Forming channels allow molecules of about
10 kilodaltons or less to freely diffuse.
The amount of phospholipids is higher than
integral proteins called porins.
The mitochondrial outer membrane can
associate with the (ER) membrane.
The ER-mitochondria calcium signaling and
the transfer of lipids between the ER and
mitochondria.
9. The inner membrane has infoldings called
the cristae.
The cristae greatly increase the total
surface area of the inner membrane for the
complexes and proteins.
Is freely permeable only to O2,CO2,H2O.
Regulating transfer of metabolites across
the membrane.
It is made up of a large number of proteins
than phospholipids that control producing
ATP.
10. Inner membrane
Highly complex structure, including the
electron transport system, the ATP
synthetase complex, and transport
proteins.
NADH dehydrogenase which accept
protons carried by NADH from
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Transmembrane proton channels
important in ATP synthesis.
11. Mitochondrial Matrix
Contains dissolved o2, h2o, co2, the
recyclable intermediates that serve as
energy shuttles.
Diffusion is very slow due to folds cristae.
Citric acid cycle reactions occurrence.
12. Mitochondrial Matrix
Contain enzymes for the synthesis of ATP,
ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial
DNA.
Matrix components can diffuse to inner
membrane complexes and transport
proteins within short time.
13. Mitochondrial development
Human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed
16,569 base pairs encoding 37 total genes:22 tRNA, 2
rRNA, and 13 peptide genes.
Has its own independent DNA which is similar to
bacterial DNA.
Posses the machinery to manufacture their own
RNAs and proteins.
Reproduce by fission like bacteria do. due to their
independence from the nuclear DNA and similarities
with bacteria.