7. R&D Investment ( € Millions ) We must continuously improve our portfolio of products if we wish to maintain and build on our current leading position as a vendor of enterprise application software. In 2010, we increased our research and development (R&D) expense €138 million, or 9 %, to €1,729 million (2009: €1,591 million). We spent 13.9 % of total revenue on R&D in 2010 (2009: 14.9 %). Our R&D expense as a portion of total operating expenses declined from 19.7 % to 17.5 % year over year. Excluding expenses associated with the TomorrowNow litigation, our R&D expense as a portion of total operating expenses was little changed since the previous year.