Medical Terminology 10/14/2012

1. Name: Nighat Ali
BIOS120 – Medical Terminology
Professor Rashidah Abdullah
10/14/2012

2. What Is The Urinary System?
Urinary system, sometimes referred to as the genitourinary
(GU) system, is responsible for maintaining a stable
internal environment for the body.
The urinary system removes waste products, adjusts waste
products, adjusts water and electrolyte levels, and maintain
pH.
The Urinary organs include kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra. The kidneys are the main organs of homeostasis
because they maintain the acid base balance and the water
salt balance of the blood.

3. Urinary System Abbreviations
Abbreviations are used to represent illnesses and
diagnostic procedures.
This presentation will focus on five abbreviations
relative to the digestive system
 ARF
 cath
 cysto
 BUN
 RP

4. ARF
 ARF stands for acute renal failure
 It is the rapid breakdown of renal (kidney) function
that occurs when high levels of uremic toxins
accumulate in the blood. ARF occurs when the kidneys
are unable to excrete the daily load of toxins in the
urine.
 Based on the amount of urine that is excreted over a
24-hour period, patients with ARF are separated into
two groups:
 Oliguric – patients who excrete less than 500 mL per day
 Nonoliguric – patients who excrete more than 500 mL per day.
The urine is of poor quality because blood is not well filtered

5.  There are 3 types of ARF:
 Prerenal ARF – characterized by inadequate blood circulation to
the kidneys, which leaves them unable to clean the blood properly.
Causes of prerenal ARF are dehydration, heart failure, severe
infection, and blood loss. Symptoms include dizziness, dry
mouth, thirst, weight loss, hypotension, etc.
 Postrenal ARF – caused by an acute obstruction that affects
normal flow of urine out of both kidneys. The blockage causes
pressure to build in all of the renal nephrons. The excessive fluid
pressure ultimately causes the nephrons to shut down. Symptoms
include difficult urination, hypertension, distended bladder, etc
 Intrinsic ARF – involves damage within both kidneys. The causes
of intrinsic acute renal failure are acute tubular necrosis (ATN),
acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), and acute interstitial nephritis
(AIN).

6.  Diagnosis of ARF is done via blood and urine
tests, which check how well kidneys are working.
Ultrasound is also one of the other options, which
allows doctors to see kidneys.
 Treatments of ARF varies, depending on the cause
such as restoring blood flow to the kidneys, removing
a blockage in the urinary tact, stop wastes from
building up in your body.
 Furthermore, dialysis treatment can also be given, which uses
machine to do the work of kidneys until recovered.
 Antibiotics are also given to prevent or treat infections.
 A special diet is also followed, where intake of
sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are limited.

7. Ultrasound of acute renal failure
Kidney

8. cath
 cath stands for catheterization
 It is a latex or silicone tube known as urinary catheter
inserted into a patient’s bladder via the urethra.
 Allows patient’s urine to drain freely from the bladder
for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids
used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions.
 It is used when a person have urinary
incontinence, urinary retention, surgery on prostrate
or genitals, and other conditions such as spinal cord
injury, dementia, or multiple sclerosis

9.  Three main types of catheters:
 Indwelling catheter – one that is left in the bladder. It collects
urine by attaching to a drainage bag. It can be inserted into
bladder in two ways. Sometimes, it is inserted through the
urethra and sometimes, health care provider will insert a
catheter into your bladder via small hole in the belly. It has a
small balloon inflated on the end of it, which prevents
catheter from sliding out of body. Balloon is deflated when
catheter needs to be removed.
 Condom catheter – mostly used in elderly men with dementia.
A condom-like device is placed over the penis. A tube leads
from this device to a drainage bag and must be changed every
day
 Intermittent catheter – short-term, catheters are removed
after the flow of urine has stopped.

11. cysto
 cysto stands for cystoscopy
 It is a procedure usually performed by a urologist that
allows physician to see the inside of the lower urinary
tract (urethra, prostrate, bladder neck, and bladder).
 Can be used to detect abnormalities of the lower
urinary tract or to assist in transurethral surgery
 It is used to evaluate and diagnose conditions such as
bladder cancer, chronic pelvic pain, urinary
stones, painful urination, etc.

12.  Cystoscopy procedure can be performed in physician’s
office, under local anesthesia, or as an outpatient
procedure, under sedation and regional or general
anesthesia.
 In this procedure, a cystoscope (thin, telescope-like
tube with a light and tiny camera attached) is slowly
inserted into the urethra to the bladder. The camera
allow images to be viewed on a monitor.
 The physician examines the urethra and introduces a
sterile liquid (e.g. water) into the bladder to improve
the view of bladder wall.
 Takes about 20 minutes to perform. Can take longer if
the physician removes a stone, or sample of tissue.

13.  After the procedure, fluid is drained from the bladder
and a catheter may be left in the bladder
 Side effects of this procedure are usually mild and can
be resolved within a couple of hours to days, including
burning during urination and blood in the urine.
 This test usually results in a definitive diagnosis and
doctor is able to recommend appropriate medical or
surgical treatment, depending on the problem
detected.

15. BUN
 Stands for blood urea nitrogen
 It is a test that measures the amount of nitrogen in your
blood that comes from the waste product urea
 It is done to see how well your kidneys are working. If
your kidneys are not able to remove urea from
the blood normally, your BUN level rises.
 Liver disease can lower your BUN level. A low BUN level
can occur normally in the second or third trimester of
pregnancy.
 BUN and creatinine tests can be used together to find the
BUN-to-creatinine, which can help resolve dehydration

16.  Firstly, to prepare for this test, eating lots of meat or other
protein is not allowed in the 24 hours period.
 The procedure for this test is pretty simple; health professional
drawing blood will:
 Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of
blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to
put a needle into the vein.
 Clean the needle site with alcohol.
 Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be
needed.
 Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
 Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
 Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is
removed.
 Put pressure to the site and then a bandage.

17.  There are no major risk factor; very little, which may
include small bruise or vein becoming slightly swollen
called phlebitis.
 A high BUN value can mean kidney injury or disease is
present. It can also be caused by blockage of the urinary
tract or low blood flow to the kidneys caused
by dehydration or heart failure. And can also be due to
high-protein diet or from bleeding in the gastrointestinal
tract.
 A low BUN value may be caused by a diet very low in
protein, malnutrition, or severe liver damage, and
overhydration from drinking excessive amounts of liquid.
 BUN levels may be measured regularly in people who
have kidney dialysis & are used to see how well dialysis is
working.

19. RP
 Stands for retrograde pyelogram
 It is a type of X-ray that allows visualization of the
bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis; in people suspected to
have an obstruction, such as a tumor, stone, blood clot, or
stricture (narrowing).
 It evaluates the lower portion of the ureter to which urine
flow is obstructed & also used to evaluate placement of a
catheter or a urethral stent, hollow tube that allows passage
of urine around an obstruction.
 It is good to discuss risks of procedure
beforehand, especially if there’s history of radiation
exposure
 Possible complications of retrograde pyelogram may include
sepsis, urinary tract infection, bladder
perforation, hemorrhage, nausea, and vomiting.

20.  The retrograde pyelogram follows this process:
 (clothes , jewelry or other objects may be asked for removal if
interfered in procedure; gown will be given to wear).
 An intravenous (IV) line may be inserted in arm or hand.
 You'll be asked to lie face up on the X-ray table and place your legs
in stirrups.
 sedative or general anesthesia may be received in the IV prior to
the insertion of the endoscope.
 An endoscope will be inserted through the urethral opening and
advanced into the bladder. Once the endoscope is in place, the
bladder can be examined and a catheter may be inserted into one
or both ureters.
 The contrast dye will be injected through the catheters & series of
X-rays will be taken at timed intervals.
 The catheter will be removed.
 The physician will check for retention of the contrast dye

21.  After the procedure, person’s urine output will be
monitored closely for volume and signs of blood. It may be
red from even a small amount of blood. This is considered
normal. Pain may also be experienced, but painkiller is
recommended to take.
 If any of the following may occur, reporting to physician is
a must
 fever and/or chills
 redness, swelling, or bleeding or other drainage from the urinary
opening
 increased pain around the urinary opening
 increase in the amount of blood in your urine
 difficulty urinating

22. RP X-Rays

23. Hope you enjoyed and learned
Thank you !!!