WORK ON STUDENT LEVEL

1. FLOORS AND FLOORING
Construction Technology And Service
PRINCE SHINGALA
HARSH VAGHASIA
DHANVI SAVSANI
POOJA RAJPARA
MAYURI CHANGELA
MEET SOJITRA
DIVYESH PADSALA
HARSH RADADIYA
DARSHAN GHORI
SATISH GAJERA
P.P. SAVANI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

2. LOORS

3.  FLOORS
 The lower surface of a room , on which one may walk.
 The surface with their necessary supports which provide accommodation to the users to live at
different levels in a building.
 “Ground Floor” is just above GL & “ Basement Floor” is constructed below GL in one basement of
a building. “ Upper/Suspended Floor” is any floor above the GL except the terrace or roof of
building. Such floors are named as 1st Floor, 2nd Floor and so on (in ascending order).
 “Single storeyed buildings” are buildings with only one ground floor. “Double storeyed” has got a
ground and one first floor.

4.  SUB FLOOR
 The lower portion of floor structure consisting of beams, slabs,
rammed earth etc. prepared to provide necessary support to the floor
covering.
 Purpose:- To provide proper support to floor covering without sinking
& settlement.
 FLOOR COVERING / PAVING
 The upper portion of floor structure consisting of base, under layer &
topping.
 Purpose:- To have clean, smooth, non absorbent and a durable surface.
It also shall not be slippery, noisy and unpleasant in appearance.

5.  IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS
 Base course:-
Base is the prepared surface on which floor topping or under
layer is laid. The layer of material provided for this purpose is
known as Base course.
 Under layer:-
Layer of material provided in between the base & floor
topping.
 Topping:-
Topmost layer of floor provided over the under layer / base
course, in the absence of under layer.

6.  Floor finish:-
Top surface of floor. Also known as “wearing surface”
 Bedding:-
A layer of mortar applied to the base or sub floor and brought
to a prescribed level
 Screeds:-
Narrow strips of wood, bands of plaster or pieces of tiles laid
on the floor to act as guides for bringing the toppings to a true
even surface.

7.  Screeding:-
The art of bringing the floor to a true and level
surface by means of screeds.
 Floor systems:-
Arrangement provided to support the toppings of
floor. It may be single, double or triple joist system.
 Floor boards:-
Wooden boards which form the floor toppings.
SINGLE JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM
DOUBLE JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM

8.  Bridging Joists:-
Horizontal structural members place along shorter spans immediately below floor
toppings. They are used as main supporting members in timber floors.
 Binders:-
Horizontal structural members placed at right angles two bridging joists to take their
load and that of floor toppings.

9.  Girders:-
Horizontal structural members placed to supports the
load of binders, bridging joists and that of floor
toppings. Used as main supporting member in a triple
joist floor system.
 Wall plates:-
Horizontal wooden members which support one end
of bridging joists and distribute the load from joist to
the wall.

10. LOORING

11. Floor covering is a term to generally describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide
a walking surface.
 FLOOR COVERING
Flooring is the general term for a
permanent covering of a floor, or
for the work of installing such a
floor covering. Both terms are used
interchangeably but floor covering
refers more to loose-laid materials.
 FLOORING

12. Materials almost always classified as floor covering include carpet, area rugs, and resilient flooring such as
linoleum or vinyl flooring. Materials commonly called flooring include wood flooring, laminated wood,
ceramic tile, stone, mud, terrazzo, and various seamless chemical floor coatings.
 MATERIAL

13.  STEPS OF FLOORING
1. Base
2. Finshing
Clay Base Coat Of 100 Mm Thick In The Ratio Of Cement
Concrete 1:8:16 ( 1 Part Of Cement, 8 Parts Of Fine Sand
And16 Parts Of Brick Blast) Or 1:4:8 On Compacted Earth
Under The Floor. The base is same for all types of floors.
• BASE
• FINSHING
Then finishing of the floor is carried on, for different flooring materials. As we will discuss
here the finishing of terrazzo, brick, stone and cement concrete floor.

14.  TYPES OF FLOORING
 Mud flooring
 Vinyl flooring
 Wooden flooring
 Stone flooring
 Brick flooring
 Glass flooring

15.  CARPETS AND RUGS
 TYPES OF CARPETS & RUGS
1. Flat weave rugs
2. Pilp rugs and carpet
3. Mechanically produced carpets
4. Yarns and Fibers
 The terms “CARPET” denotes a large floor covering that can be cut to suit any room.
 The “RUG” means a loose-laid piece of size and design determined by the maker.

16.  FLAT WEAVE RUGS & CARPETS
 Used two basic threads:
i)The wrap ii) The weft
 Colour changes are achieved by weaving the stripes.
 Lends by mechanization than knotting and machine-made ‘KELIMS’.
 Uses of strong modern character, figures and floral pattern and pattern of geometric.
 Sizes:-120*80, 180*120 and 240*150 cm.
 Use in area : hallways and playrooms.

17.  PILE RUGS & CARPETS
 Used three types of threads:
i)The wrap ii)the weft iii)the pile
 Expressed in terms of knots per square centimetre of surface area i.e4-8 KNOT TO 36-50 KNOT.
 Made with traditional pattern.
 Sizes:- 120cm of rugs.
300 and 350cm of carpets.
 Produced in:- 1. India
2. Spain
3. Pakistan
4. Turkey
5. Iran
6. Morocco

18.  MECHANICALLY PRODUCED CARPET
 It is combination of wool and synthetic fibers.
 Made in highest grade 80/20 wool/ nylon blend
 Use in directional movement area i.e the top & bottom of stairs and in flooring in offices.
 Available in plain and variegated colours
 Sizes :- 50*50cm

19.  VINYL FLOORING
 Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material used primarily in commercial and institutional
applications.
 Vinyl tiles are composed of colored vinyl chips formed into solid sheets of varying thicknesses (1/8” is
most common) by heat and pressure and cut into 12” squares.
 Tiles are applied to a smooth, leveled sub-floor using a specially formulated vinyl adhesive that remains
tacky but does not completely dry.
 Tiles are typically waxed and buffed using special materials.
 This flooring product is mostly used in INTERIOR Work and also photo laborites, airport, drawing Room,
bedroom, offices water proof used in bathrooms.

20.  INSTALLING VINYL FLOOR TILES
Vinyl floor tiles one of the most versatile floors available . It is quiet and warm underfoot, easy to
clean like other hard surfaces. It is great around water easy in installing
 MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE JOB
Vinyl tiles, Adhesive, Trowel, Tape measure Utility knife, Self-leveling
compound Floor roller, Hammer, Chalk line
 Step 1- Measure the Floor
 Step 2- Prepare the Room
 Step 3- Center the Tile
 Step 4- Cut to Fit
 Step 5- Finish Up

21.  VINYL FLOORING BENEFITS
 One of the main benefits of vinyl flooring is that it is easy to install and cost effective and durable as well.
 the maintenance cost as well as effort is quite low
 vinyl flooring is that it is water resistant and provides a great support to the feet.
 It is attractive in appearance.
 This type of flooring is quick to install and replace, so you can change it as and when you so desire, without
much difficulty
 Because of the wide variety available in the market today, you can choose any products.

22.  PRECAUTIONS
 You can indulge in regular vacuuming of your vinyl floor, to keep it free of dirt.
 Using a polish, which has been specifically made for such type of flooring,
 Do not use any abrasive scrubbing tools for cleaning a vinyl floor
 Never ever use detergents.

23.  TILES
 Tiles are often used to form wall or floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex
mosiacs.
 Tiles are most often made from ceramic with a hard glaze finish , but other materials are also
commonly used, such as glass ,marble, granite ,slate and reformed ceramic slurry.
 TYPES OF TILES:
1. Ceramic tile
2. Vetified tile
3. Porcelain tile

24.  INSTALLATION
 Remove any baseboards and shoe molding.
 Level the subfloor.
 Install the underlayment.
 Spread the adhesive with the smooth side of the trowel. Make sure it covers the area evenly and does not cover
your reference lines.
 Lightly press and twist the ceramic when setting to make sure the adhesive sticks. Don't push so hard that the
adhesive is forced out from under the ceramic.
 Once a row is in place, level the tile with a rubber mallet and level.
 Grouting
 Finishing Touches

25.  CERAMIC TILES
 High wear resistance with low density.
 Corrosion resistance at high temperatures.
 Resistance to plastic deformation.
 Easy to clean and water-proof.
 Harder and stiffer than steel, more heat and
corrosion resistant than meatls and polymers.
 Resistant to stains and spillages.
 Their incombustibility prevents spread of fire.

26.  ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES
 Aesthetically far much more better than any other flooring, as it is available in various shades and
textures.
 Easy to maintain.
 Laying is easy and less time taking.
 Available in various sizes thus no cutting required.
 Tiles are fire resistant.

27.  VITRIFIED TILES
Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with high percentage of vitrification and
less amount of water absorption. Vitrification is nothing but a
development of glass phase inside the tile during firing process. This is
mainly due to melting of some constituent in the body.

28.  PORCELAIN TILE
 porcelain tiles commonly used to cover floors and walls, with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5 percent.
 The clay used to build porcelain tiles is generally denser.
 They can either be glazed or unglazed. Porcelain tiles are one type of vitrified tiles, and are sometimes referred to
as porcelain vitrified tiles.

29.  WOODEN FLOORING
This type of flooring is generally use for special purpose floor example auditorium, hospital etc.
There are different type of wooden flooring:
 STRIP FLOORING :-
this type of flooring consists of narrow and thin strip of wood joined to each other by tongue and
groove joint.
 PLANKED FLOORING :-
in this type of flooring , wider planks are used and these are also tongued and grooved.
 HEAVY WOOD BLOCK FLOORING :-
these are made up of thicker pieces of wood cut in short lengths ranging from 5 to 10 cm. So as form
block which are set with the ends of the grains exposed.
 FABRICATED WOOD BLOCK :-
these consist of small square of rectangular block with tongue and groove joints all side.

31.  All these style are available in solid wood and in laminated wood, which is a thin veneer layer laminated to layer of
wood so that it can be sanded and refined several times.
 Laminated wooden flooring is better suited to moisture – prone area such as the kitchen.
 Wood being a natural material, it expands and contracts with changes in temperature and humidity. Therefore
proper installation leaves a margin for this movement.
 We have many pre-laminated inter locking panel flooring in smooth, matt and rough finishing. It is a high quality
interior product, which is most effectively being used in interiors.
 Hardness of wooden flooring is comparable to marble and the former is available in up to 45 different colours and
shades.

32.  PRECAUTIONS
 You should vacuum or sweep your wooden floor since small stone and gritty dirt will scratch your floor quickly.
 Always keep mats or rugs in the door ways leading to a room with wooden flooring. These doormats should be
cleaned regularly .
 The wooden floor can be wiped with a dampened sponge. Immediately followed by wiping with a dry terry towel
cloth.
 Another coat of surface finish should be applied to the wooden flooring when the cleaning the shine, or when the
cleaning no longer restore the shine or when the floor has been heavily used.
 Excess water damages wood, so avoid wetting the floor.
 Exposer to the sun can cause the wooden floor to warp, or change colour. So use appropriate sun-blocking drapery in
the room with wooden flooring.

33.  INSTALLATION OF WOODEN FLOORING

34.  STONE FLOORING
MARBLE
 Variety of marble available is tremendous:- Albeta
Dungri
Aranga
Kumari
Chak dungri
 Costliest and best marble is the Makrana white: Very soft, snow white and high
quality finishing.
 Chittor brown, Jaisalmer Yellow, Udaipur green, Baroda green, Teak Grain
marble, Banswana.
 White base marble price ranges from Rs.30/- to Rs.400/- sq. ft.

35.  GRANITE
 Many types and colors of granite.
 Durable and natural with visible coarse grains.
 Expensive as compares to marble.
 Slip resistant.
 Hardest type of stone- very difficult to cut and polish
 Once polished gives a mirror finish
 Can resist a lot of wear and tear.
 Available in 20 mm thick slabs and 9 mm thick tiles.
 Places in India – Rajasthan, Jhansi, Black granite from Bangalore

36.  SLATE
 Resistant to wearing, discoloring or fading.
 Rugged and rustic yet cool and charming
 Easily washable with water and soap.
 Less expensive than good marble.
 KOTAH AND SANDSTONE
Kotah and Sandstone used as hard flooring suited for pathways, factory
sheds, offices and other common spaces.

37.  BRICK FLOORING
 Brick products have been used for many centuries throughout the world for applications such as
roads, flooring, monuments, side walks and building structures.
 Bricks are considered to be the oldest manufactured building material that has been trusted
throughout history because of its durability, versatility and practical attributes.
 Here in India standard size of brick is used in flooring which is used in wall construction.
PATTERNS FOR BRICK FLOORING
1. Running bond
2. Herring bond
3. Basket weave
4. Promenade
5. Running anixed stack
6. Stack bond
7. Pin wheel

39.  INSTALLATION
 Ensure that the tiles are of regular shape
 Base mortar 1:5 or 1:6 with low water cement ratio.
 Min. thickness of base mortar is 25mm
 Fix the marble tiles temporarily then press it using wooden handle of the hammer to bring them in a
level.
 After fixing them in pattern remove the tiles and spread white cement slurry(2:1) and refix the tiles.
 Press with wooden handle.
 Fill up joints with white cement.
 First grinding min. after 5 days of fixing.
 Apply white cement slurry over marble floor after first grinding and cure for a day.
 Minimum 3 grindings required.

40.  ADVANTAGES
There are various reasons for the benefits that brick flooring products provide in visual terms, their strength and ability
and their practical purposes. Here are some of the benefits of what brick flooring will provide when used as paving:
1. They provide elegance and character with the old world look rustic charm
2. They are fade resistant
3. They resist wear and tear
4. They are slip resistant
5. They are recycled products, so you are helping the environment
6. They are very durable with long lasting attributes
7. They are fire resistant
8. They are maintenance free
9. They will not crack or chip

41.  MUD FLOORING
 This flooring is cheap, hard, fairly impervious, easy to
construct & easy to maintain.
 It has good thermal insulation property.
 Over a well prepared ground a 25 cm thick moistearth is
spread & then rammed well to gecompacted thickness of
15 cm.
 In order to prevent cracks, small quantity of chopped
straw is mixed in the moist earth beforerammed.
 Sometimes, cow-dung is mixed with earth & athin layer
of this spread over the compactedlayer.

42.  GLASS FLOORING
 Glass floors are made with transparent glass when it is useful to view
something from above or below; whereas translucent glass is used when
there is no need to view through. In either case, toughened glass is usually
chosen, for its durability and resistance to breakage.
 Glass as a flooring material is used in both residential and commercial
structures. Special hollow glass blocks known as '"glass pavers" are often used
in combination with a metal frame. Glass floors are often lit from below with
natural or artificial light, or may be treated as ordinary floor surfaces
illuminated from above.

43.  INSTALLATION
 Floor panels are constructed of laminated layers of tempered, annealed, or heat-strengthened glass.
 Laminated glass flooring requires a rigid support with a deflection of L/500
 Minimum support depth should be 2030mm.joints should be more than 4mm.wide joints used of 6mm.

44.  PRECAUTIONS
 Glass flooring is very expensive to replace once installed
 To maintain the aesthetic beauty of glass flooring, it is important to keep the panel clean. A soft, clean, non-abrasive
cloth and a mild detergent, or non-abrasive glass cleaning solution is suitable for cleaning.
 After cleaning, rinse immediately with clean water and remove any excess water from the panel surface. Do not use
abrasive cleaners, bleach, scouring powder or pads which can scratch and damage glass flooring.
 As a rule of thumb heat strengthened glass is approximately twice as “strong” as annealed or ordinary float glass, and
fully toughened glass is roughly four to five times as strong.
 using fully toughened glass would dramatically reduce the thickness of the glass to be used in glass flooring laminates

45. KISHANGARCH, RAJASTHAN

46. P.P. SAVANI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
Construction Technology And Service