In this lecture you can learn about IPv4 addressing Schemes and subnetting in easy and simple way. the topics are explained with example which can help you to understand the concept.
2. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that
uniquely and universally defines the
connection of a device (for example, a
computer or a router) to the Internet.
The address space of IPv4 is 232 or
4,294,967,296.
2
4. 4
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to
dotted-decimal notation.
Example
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number
and add dots for separation.
5. 5
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal
notation to binary notation.
Example
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent.
6. 6
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.
Example
Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no four octets.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
9. 9
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Example
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
14. Subnet addressing introduces another
hierarchical level
Transparent to remote networks
Simplifies management of multiplicity of LANs
Masking used to find subnet number
Original
address
Subnetted
address
Net ID Host ID
1 0
Net ID Host ID
1 0 Subnet ID
14
15. IP address:
◦ subnet part (high
order bits)
◦ host part (low order
bits)
What’s a subnet ?
◦ device interfaces
with same subnet
part of IP address
◦ can physically reach
each other without
intervening router
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223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2
223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
LAN
17. Organization has Class B address (16 host ID
bits) with network ID: 150.100.0.0
Create subnets with up to 100 hosts each
◦ 7 bits sufficient for each subnet
◦ 16-7=9 bits for subnet ID
Apply subnet mask to IP addresses to find
corresponding subnet
◦ Example: Find subnet for 150.100.12.176
◦ IP add = 10010110 01100100 00001100 10110000
◦ Mask = 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
◦ AND = 10010110 01100100 00001100 10000000
◦ Subnet = 150.100.12.128
◦ Subnet address used by routers within organization
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18. Allows several networks to be combined to
create a larger range of addresses.
For example this allows an organisation to
combine several Class C blocks together.
It aggregates a contiguous block of addresses
to form a single larger network.
Identified by less bits of 1s (i.e. shorter
network part) in the mask than default one.
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20. Summarize a contiguous group of class C
addresses using variable-length mask
Example: 200.158.4.0/22
IP Address (200.158.4.0) & mask length (22)
IP add = 11001000 10011110 00000100 00000000
Mask = 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000
Contains 4 Class C blocks:
From 11001000 10011110 00000100 00000000
i.e. 200.158.4.0
Up to 11001000 10011110 00000111 00000000
i.e. 200.158.7.0
20
21. 21
Internet part
Host ID
Local part
11000000 11100110 00010100 00000000
11000000 11100110 00010101 00000000
11000000 11100110 00010110 00000000
11000000 11100110 00010111 00000000
Network ID
4 Class C IP network addresses
22. Four class C networks were put together to form
the supernet:
◦ 192.230.80. 0
◦ 192.230.81. 0
◦ 192.230.82. 0
◦ 192.230.83. 0
The address of lowest network together with the
supernet mask is required in the global routers
for routing : 192.230.80.0 / 22
22
11000000 11100110 01010000 00000000
11000000 11100110 01010001 00000000
11000000 11100110 01010010 00000000
11000000 11100110 01010011 00000000
24. 24
Figure below shows a block of addresses, in both binary
and dotted-decimal notation, granted to a small business
that needs 16 addresses.
Example
25. 25
In IPv4 addressing, a block of
addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
addresses and the /n defines the mask.
Note
26. 26
The first address in the block can be
found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 0s.
Note
27. 27
A block of addresses is granted to a small organization.
We know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39/28.
What is the first address in the block?
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000
or
205.16.37.32.
Example
28. 28
The last address in the block can be
found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 1s.
Note
29. 29
Find the last address for the block in last Example.
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47
Example
30. 30
The number of addresses in the block
can be found by using the formula
232−n.
Note
31. 31
Find the number of addresses in last Example.
Example
Solution
The value of n is 28, which means that number
of addresses is 2 32−28 or 16.
32. 32
Another way to find the first address, the last address, and the
number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-bit binary (or 8-
digit hexadecimal) number. This is particularly useful when we are
writing a program to find these pieces of information. In Last
Example the /28 can be represented as
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
(twenty-eight 1s and four 0s).
Find
a. The first address
b. The last address
c. The number of addresses.
Example
33. 33
Solution
a. The first address can be found by ANDing the given
addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by
bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s;
the result is 0 otherwise.
Example (continued)
34. 34
b. The last address can be found by ORing the given
addresses with the complement of the mask. ORing
here is done bit by bit. The result of ORing 2 bits is 0 if
both bits are 0s; the result is 1 otherwise. The
complement of a number is found by changing each 1
to 0 and each 0 to 1.
Example (continued)
35. 35
c. The number of addresses can be found by
complementing the mask, interpreting it as a decimal
number, and adding 1 to it.
Example (Contd.)
37. 37
The first address in a block is
normally not assigned to any device;
it is used as the network address that
represents the organization
to the rest of the world.
Note
40. An organization has a class C network:
200.1.1.0, and it wants to form subnets for 4
departments with the number of hosts as
follows:
Subnet A: 72 hosts
Subnet B: 35 hosts
Subnet C: 20 hosts
Subnet D: 18 hosts
There are 145 hosts in total.
Provide a possible arrangement of the
network address space, together with the
respective range of IP addresses for each
subnet. Explain your work!
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