2. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbon
and carbon-based compounds
Organic Chemistry in everyday life:
Smells & tastes: fruits, chocolate, fish, mint
Medications: Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, Sedatives
Addictive substances: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, Narcotics
Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Adrenaline, Epinephrine
Food/Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins
3. Functional Group
A part of a large molecule; composed of an atom or
group of atom that has characteristics chemical
behavior
Family Name
Alkane
Alkene
Aromatic
Alcohol
Ether
4. Functional group
Functional groups are attached to the carbon
backbone of organic molecules. They determine
the characteristics and chemical reactivity of
molecules. Functional groups are far less stable
than the carbon backbone and are likely to
participate in chemical reactions. Six common
biological functional groups are
hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, ph
osphate, and methyl
5. Hydrocarbon Functional
Groups
❍ Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon
❍ The hydrocarbon functional groups include
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
6. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON
COMPOUNDS
HYDROCARBONS
contain only C and H
atoms
AROMATIC
ALIPHATIC Hydrocarbons must
hydrocarbons contain a
BENZENE ring
SATURATED
UNSATURATED
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
contain C–C and C–H
contain at least 1 C–C
single bonds only
multiple bond
(ALKANES)
ALKENE ALKYNE
contains the contains the
C=C functional group C≡C functional group
7. Remember!
GROUP
14 Carbon needs FOUR bonds
15 Nitrogen needs THREE bonds
16 Oxygen needs TWO bonds
17 Fluorine needs ONE bond
8. Alkanes
❍ Alkanes are the simplest functional group
❍ An older name for alkanes is paraffin's
❍ The functional group is the C-C single bond
❍ Example
CH4 (methane) Simplest Alkane
each Carbon (ethane)
has TETRAHEDRAL
geometry
CH3—CH3
10. Alkyl Groups (“stick-on”
groups)
❍ If a hydrogen is removed from an alkane, it leaves an
“alkyl group”
❍ Alkyl groups are “stick-on” groups that can be attached
to larger molecules
❍ Alkyl groups are named by replacing “-ane” on the
alkane name with “-yl”
methyl ethyl
n-propyl generic carbon group R
n-propyl isopropyl cyclopropyl
11. Examples
ethane an ethyl group ethyl chloride
an alkane an alkyl group
12. Alkenes
❍ Functional Group C=C double bond
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example CH2=CH2
ethene
13. Alkynes
❍ Functional Group C C triple bond
❍ Generic Formula R—C R’
R’ means that it can be a different alkyl group than R
❍ Example H —C C—H
ethyne
acetylene
14. Aromatics (aka Arenes) H
H C H
❍ Functional Group C C
C C
H C H
H
benzene ring (C6H6)
❍ Example
CH3
toluene (methylbenzene)
15. Alkyl Halides (or Haloalkanes)
❍ Functional Group a halogen (Cl, Br, I)
generically, a halogen is “X”
❍ Generic Formula R-X
❍ Example CH3-I
methyl iodide
16. Alcohols
❍ Functional Group OH (hydroxyl group)
❍ Generic Formula R-OH
❍ Example CH3CH2-OH
ethanol
17. Amines
❍ Functional Group
N
R
2
❍ Generic Formula R N R
1 3
CH3NH2
❍Example
methylamine
18. Carbonyl Functional
Groups
❍ A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen is a carbonyl group
O
C
❍ The carbonyl functional groups include
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amides
19. Ketones O
❍ Functional Group
C carbonyl
O
❍ Generic Formula
R C R'
O
❍ Example
CH3 C CH 3
propanone
acetone
20. Aldehydes O
❍ Functional Group
C H
terminal carbonyl
O
❍ Generic Formula R C H
O
❍ Example CH3 C H
ethanal
acetaldehyde
21. Carboxylic Acids O
C OH
❍ Functional Group
carboxyl
carbonyl + hydroxyl
O
❍ Generic Formula R C OH
O
CH C OH
❍ Example 3
ethanoic acid
acetic acid
22. Ethers
❍ Functional Group oxygen bridge
❍ Generic Formula R-O-R′
❍ Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
diethyl ether
“ether”
23. Amides O
R C N R
❍ Generic Formula 1 2
R
3
O O
H N CH C N CH C OH
2 2 2
H
❍ Example
a small protein
