This overview of N. Herbots's SiO2 group research on Surface Engineering for Bio-Medical and Medical Electronics in 2010 describes the background to our nest technologies in NanoBonding™ and VitreOX™. PATENTS & TECHNOLOGY DISCLOSURES RELATED TO THIS RESEARCH: [1] Methods for Wafer Bonding & for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R.Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/ 31/2011 [2] Molecular Film Containing Polymeric Mixture for Hydrophobic Implant Surfaces N. Herbots, A, M. Murphy, R. Kennett-Bennett, D.A. Sell S.D. Whaley, R.J. Culbertson, US Patent filed 11/3/ 2011 [3] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-163P "H2O Nano-­‐Bonding “ Synthesis via compressive strain from sursaturated water vapor at low temperatures (T< 175°C) of a siloxane-­‐silica mixed nano-­‐bonding phase catalyzed by H2O, nano-scale smoothing and ordering of Si(100) & silica, and room temperature chemical reactivity arising from surface polarization through surface charge generation in SiO2. N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R. Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, filed June 24th, 2011 [4] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-164 P ProteinKnox" - A Temporary and Permanent Surface Bio-Compatible Adsorbate to Control in Conjunction with Hydroaffinity the Blood Proteins Adsorption, Build-up and/or Clot Formation on Surface of Medical Implant Devices and Grafts using LVPL's (Low Viscosity Polar Liquids)" , filed June 24th, 2011 [5] A Method for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell, S. D. Whaley, R.J Culbertson Provisional Patent Application SN 61/174,138 , ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009).   Molecular films for controlling hydrophobic, hydrophilic, optical, condensation and geometricproperties of silicone implants surfaces, including intra-occular lenses used in cataract surgeries. N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell & S. D. Whaley ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009). Provisional patent application filed October 2, 2009   Methods for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, Ross Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/31/11 CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS [1] Nanobonding between 2-nm β-crystobalite SiO 2 on OH(1x1)Si(100) & SiO x for Monolithic Electronics by Surface Smoothing via Wet Chemical and Spin Processing: TMAFM Study and Modelling of Interphases “ S.D. Whaley, N. Herbots, J.D. Bradley, R.J. Culbertson, M.A. Hart, D.A. Sell, Q.X. Bradley, R.L.Rhoades, S.N. Drews, R.B. Bennett-Kennett, 58th International American Vacuum Society Symp, Nashville, TN, Oct 31-Nov. 4th, 2011 [2] Controlling the Hydroaffinity of Silicone/Hydrophobic Acrylic Surfaces of Intraocular Lenses using Visco-Elastic Colloids and Blood Proteins, N. Herbots, R.J. Culbertson, Q.X. Bradley, D.A

2. FACULTY AND STUDENTS + Department of Physics, ASU Prof. Nicole Herbots * , emeritus Prof. R.J. Culbertson Dr. J. D. Bradley * , Visiting Scientist, Medtronic Corporation Shawn Whaley * & Qian Bradley * , graduate students David Sell* & Murdock Hart, undergraduate Res. Assist, COLLABORATORS Dr. Clive Sell * , MD, vitro-retineal surgeon Dr. Mark Kwong, Chem. Eng., MD, ophtamological surgeon John Mitchell *, Comp. Eng., MBA, CEO Clarizza Watson *, Chem. Eng., MBA, Marketing + Funded by Royalties from US patent 6,613,677 AZ ABOR Tech ASU Strategic Initiative Fund Emeritus College Grant , Bausch & Lomb Donation Associated Retina Consultance. LLC * SiO2 Associates, Founders & Members

3. FACULTY AND STUDENTS + Department of Physics, ASU Prof. Nicole Herbots*, emeritus Prof. R.J. Culbertson Dr. J. D. Bradley*, Visiting Scientist, Medtronic Corp. Shawn Whaley* & Qian Bradley*, graduate students David Sell* &Murdock Hart, undergr. Res. Assist, Maggie Mitchell, Administrative Assistant

4. COLLABORATORS Dr. Clive Sell * , MD, vitro-retineal surgeon Dr. Mark Kwong, Chem. Eng., MD, ophtamological surgeon John Mitchell *, Comp. Eng., MBA, CEO Clarizza Watson *, Chem. Eng., MBA, Marketing + Funded by Royalties from US patent 6,613,677 AZ ABOR Tech ASU Strategic Initiative Fund Emeritus College Grant , Bausch & Lomb Donation Associated Retina Consultance. LLC * SiO2 Associates, Founders & Members

12. Medical MOTIVATION #1 How important is cataract surgery? Most common surgery in the world 15 million cataract surgeries performed each year

15. x y SCIENTIFIC MOTIVATION understanding surface condensation , hydroaffinity (attraction to water) …. And .... bonding at the nanoscale What is “nanoscale “, how do water molecules interact ? SiO 2

17. 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: Laboratory : No sodium, CLASS 100 clean-room, hoods • synthesis, contact angle, bonding & condensation on Si(100) crystal, SiO 2 , silicone & acrylic lenses, - Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) - surface composition by ion scattering (RBS, PIXE)

18. • Chemical Fume and Laminar Flow Hoods OUTSIDE THE CLEAN ROOM FOR • experiments on silicone & acrylic IOL’s Use SALINE and Deionized (DI) Water (2 MegOhms, 18 MegOhms)

19. Hydrophobic Acrylic IOL’s T = 38 °C All 4 IOL’s FOG Within 5 s

21. EXPERIMENT: MEASUREMENT OF CONTACT ANGLES Direct Observation of silicone & acrylic lenses Silicone Lens Acrylic Lens

23. Immediate FOGGING Observed on BOTH Silicone & Hydrophobic Acrylic IOL’s NO Fogging After VitreOx on BOTH Silicone & Hydrophobic Acrylic IOL’s T = 38 °C Hydrophobic Acrylic IOL’s

24. Hydrophobic Acrylic IOL’s T = 38 °C After VitreOx TM Identical treatment for two different materials!

26. What might an artificial pancreas look like? create an artificial pancreas = integrate (1) blood glucose sensor + (2) monitoring electronics hermetically into a single implantable device How to connect two silica surfaces as if they were one?

28. The implanted monitor sends radio-waves to the insulin pump processor to activate the alarm (“ eat ”) or deliver insulin (“ fast ”)

29. Practically, it boils down to BOND ING: a“Quartz” Wafer with bio-sensors on it TO a Silicon Wafer supporting both microprocessor and a radio emitter which means BONDING a wafer of Silicon Oxide , SiO 2 (= glass) to a Silicon wafer called Si(100) because of its “facet” => We are really researching Direct Nanobonding Between Si(100) and SiO 2 *

31. Let’s “NANO-bond!” = bond at the atomic scale, along crystal “facets” of the silicon crystal Silicon Wafer Quartz Wafer Silicon Wafer Quartz Wafer BEFORE AFTER

40. Outer Shell electrons (symbolized by ) Configuration available for bonding, defect (symbol for missing electron for a complete shell ) Building a Silicone Molecule Carbon has polymorphic phases, flexibility in bonds - + Oxygen Silicon Carbon Hydrogen More directional, single phase, only one kind of rigid bonding Strongly electronegative in the outer shell With 6 negatively charged electrons - Hydrogen is a strong electron donor

42. Method Model A Si-O chain with a CH 3 radical attached, the radical can rotate in the plane Defects and mobile charges Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS Silicone

44. Application Emergency device during retinal surgery Procedure Fogging DISTORTION Time to Fog (s) VitreOx™ NO NO > 1200 s (20 min) + Healon® YES YES 290 s Viscoat® YES YES 10 s Wiping YES YES 5 s Natural YES YES 3 s

45. RESULTS ON DIFFERENT IOL’s Permanent coating on IOL devices Permanent Coating CONDENSATION DISTORSION Time to Time to Fog (seconds) Silicone IOL Preserved in air NO NO 1200 seconds + = 20 minutes + Silicone IOL Preserved in saline NO NO Ongoing Trials Hydrophobic acrylic IOL Preserved in saline NO NO Ongoing Trials