3. Nucleic acids- comprise the fourth major group of
biomolecules in living cells.
- play extremely important roles in the
cell.
- also called as biopolymers
Common nucleic acids:
5. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
- the hereditary molecule
2. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
- participate in the conversion of the
genetic code into proteins and other gene
products.
4. Nucleotides- are building blocks of the nucleic
acid polymers.
- are complex monomers than amino
acids.
Structural Components of the Nucleotides:
a. Nitrogen-containing base
- nitrogenous base
b. A five-carbon sugar- pentose
c. A phosphate group
5. Types of Nucleic acids:
1. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA nucleotides
- found in the nucleus with small
amount of mitochondria and chloroplast
Component:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Deoxyribose
c. Phosphate group
-genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all known
living organisms.
- The DNA segments that carry this genetic
information are called genes,
6. 2. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
- RNA Nucleotides
- found throughout the cell
Component:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Ribose
c. Phosphate group
- plays several important roles in the
processes of transcribing genetic information
from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins.
7. PHOSPATE SUGAR BASE
Ribose or PURINES PYRIMIDINES
Deoxyribose
Adenine (A) Cytocine (C)
Guanine(G) Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
NUCLEOTIDE
8. Difference between the pentose sugar of DNA
and RNA
RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE
CH2OH OH CH2OH
O O OH
C C C C
H H H H H H H H
C C C C
OH OH OH H
10. P
G
ADDING IN THE BASES
P
C
The bases are
P
attached to the 1
st
C
Carbon
Their order is P
important A
It determines the P
genetic information of T
the molecule
P
T
11. Hydrogen bonds
DNA IS MADE OF P
G
TWO STRANDS OF C
P
POLYNUCLEOTIDE P
C G
P
P
C G
P
P
A T
P
P
T A
P
P
T A
P
12. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
The sister strands of the DNA molecule run in opposite
directions (antiparallel)
They are joined by the bases
Each base is paired with a specific partner:
A is always paired with T
G is always paired with C
“Purine with Pyrimidine”
The sister strands are complementary but not identical
The bases are joined by hydrogen bonds, individually
weak but collectively strong
There are 10 base pairs per turn
15. Major difference between DNA
and RNA
*DNA is double stranded, whereas RNA is
single stranded
*DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas RNA
contains ribose
* DNA contains thymine, whereas RNA
contains uracil.
16. CENTRAL DOGMA
It was Francis Crick who in 1957, proposed
what referred to as the central dogma.
DNA
mRNA PROTEIN
17. Cellular Processes
replication
DNA
transcription
RNA (mRNA)
translation
Proteins
18. Replication
- 0ccurs by the separation of the DNA strands
and the building of complementary strands
by the addition of the correct DNA
nucleotides.
20. Transcription-the information
in one gene of a DNA molecule
is used to produce mRNA
molecule.
Events:
1. one strand of DNA unwinds temporarily
exposing the bases.
2. Attraction of the bases of RNA
nucleotides and a MRNA molecule begins to
built alongside of one of the strand.
23. Translation- information of
one mRNA molecule is used to
produce protein
- The base sequence of the mRNA molecule
to interpreted in the group of three bases are
called codons.
- this will be used for the determination of
amino acid .
24. GENETIC CODE in mRNA
Alanine- Ala Glycine- Gly Methionine- Met Tyrosine-Tyr
Arginine- Arg Histidine-His Phenylalanine- Phe Valine- Val
Asparagine- Asn Isoleucine- Ile Proline- Pro
Aspartic Acid-Asp Leucine- Leu Serine- Ser
Cysteine- Cys Lysine- Lys Threonine- Thr
Glutamic Acid- Glu Glutamine-Gln Tryptophan- Trp
