1. Value Chain Analysis
Introduction
Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and
relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential
work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped
under two headings:
(1) Primary Activities - those that are directly concerned with creating and
delivering a product (e.g. component assembly); and
(2) Support Activities, which whilst they are not directly involved in production,
may increase effectiveness or efficiency (e.g. human resource management). It is
rare for a business to undertake all primary and support activities.
Value Chain Analysis is one way of identifying which activities are best
undertaken by a business and which are best provided by others ("out sourced").
Linking Value Chain Analysis to Competitive Advantage
What activities a business undertakes is directly linked to achieving competitive
advantage. For example, a business which wishes to outperform its competitors
through differentiating itself through higher quality will have to perform its value
chain activities better than the opposition. By contrast, a strategy based on
seeking cost leadership will require a reduction in the costs associated with the
value chain activities, or a reduction in the total amount of resources used.
Primary Activities
Primary value chain activities include:
Primary
Activity
Description
Inbound
logistics
All those activities concerned with receiving and storing
externally sourced materials
Operations The manufacture of products and services - the way in which
resource inputs(e.g. materials) are converted to outputs (e.g.

2. products)
Outbound
logistics
All those activities associated with getting finished goods and
services to buyers
Marketing and
sales
Essentially an information activity - informing buyers and
consumers about products and services (benefits, use, price etc.)
Service All those activities associated with maintaining product
performance after the product has been sold
Support Activities
Support activities include:
Secondary
Activity
Description
Procurement This concerns how resources are acquired for a business (e.g.
sourcing and negotiating with materials suppliers)
Human
Resource
Management
Those activities concerned with recruiting, developing,
motivating and rewarding the workforce of a business
Technology
Development
Activities concerned with managing information processing and
the development and protection of "knowledge" in a business
Infrastructure Concerned with a wide range of support systems and functions
such as finance, planning, quality control and general senior
management
Steps in Value Chain Analysis
Value chain analysis can be broken down into a three sequential steps:
(1) Break down a market/organisation into its key activities under each of the
major headings in the model;
(2) Assess the potential for adding value via cost advantage or differentiation, or
identify current activities where a business appears to be at a competitive
disadvantage;

3. (3) Determine strategies built around focusing on activities where competitive
advantage can be sustained
Value Chain
As propounded by Michael Porter in his 1985 book Competitive Advantage, a
Value Chain provides a structural framework to analyze the primary and secondary
activities of a business. This framework, as shown below, portrays the business as
a value delivery organization. In this figure, the margin is what the business claims
or captures as value from the customers. So, Margin = Value Captured = Value
Delivered to Customers – Value Created by the Business. Since business
success is all about strategizing how to CREATE VALUE, how to DELIVER
VALUE, and how to CAPTURE VALUE, Value Chain Analysis remains a
singularly important framework in spite of more and more businesses getting a
service (as opposed to a manufacturing) orientation.
The above figure depicts that primary activities like inbound logistics, outbound
logistics, operations; and support activities like procurement, technology
development, and human resource management; are geared towards discerning

4. value at each of these important activity levels within
a manufacturing organization.
Between then (1985) and now (2007), the world of manufacturing has changed.
High-tech manufacturers in Silicon Valley and elsewhere do not consider the
logistics of manufacturing a core competency; consequently volume manufacturing
is outsourced through contract manufacturers like Solectron to Taiwan, China,
Singapore, etc. In this changed scenario, Porter’s Value Chain can’t be applied
directly to discern value within manufacturing organizations.
Moreover, services organizations constitute bulk of the businesses in first world
countries. For such organizations, inbound logistics, operations, etc. have a very
different meaning. For example, for software firms, inbound activities might
include understanding and synthesizing customer requirements prior to product
development, which can be off-shored through third-party vendors to India, Russia,
and elsewhere.
Similarly, for software and services firms, outbound activities might include
educating the channels on the features and benefits of the upcoming products and
services, talking to analyst firms like Gartner, Forrester, and IDC, etc. Some of
these outbound tasks might come under the domain of marketing and sales.