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2.  Various functions carried out by living beings; which
are necessary to maintain and continue life are called
life process.

3.  Nutrition
 Respiration
 Transportation
 Excretion
 Movement
 Reproduction

5.  The process of taking in food and utilizing it is called
nutrition.
 The term ‘nutrition’ comes from the word ‘nutrient’.
 A nutrient is an organic or inorganic substance
required for the maintenance of life and survival of a
living organism.
 The food taken in by an organism contains a large
number of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins

6.  Autotrophic
1. Photosynthesis
2. Chemosynthesis
 Heterotrophic
1. Parasitic
2. Holozoic
3. Saprophytic

8.  The word ‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means
‘nutrition’.
 Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in
which an organism makes its own food from the
simple organic materials like carbon dioxide and water
present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight
energy)
 Those organisms which can make their own food from
carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs.

9.  Green plant are autotrophs and synthesis their own
food by the process of photosynthesis.
 ‘Photo’ means light and ‘synthesis’ means build, thus
photosynthesis means ‘build up by light’.
 The process by which green plants make their own
food from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight
energy in the presence of chlorophyll is called
photosynthesis.
 Raw material required are carbon dioxide and water.
 Oxygen gas is released during photosynthesis.

10.  The process of photosynthesis takes place in the green
leaves of a plant.
 The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in
the form of a simple sugar called glucose.
 The extra glucose is changed into another food called
starch.
 The green plants convert sunlight energy into
chemical energy by making carbohydrates (food).
 Site of photosynthesis is Chloroplasts.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy ---- C6H12O6 + 6CO2

12.  The photosynthesis takes place in the following four
steps :
1. Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
3. Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen by light energy.
4. Reduction of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates
like glucose by utilising the chemical energy.

13.  The conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take
place are:
1. Sunlight
2. Chlorophyll
3. Carbon Dioxide
4. Water

15.  The word ‘heteros’ means other and ‘trophe’ means
nutrition, thus heterotrophic means nutrition
obtained from others.
 All animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
 Those organisms which cannot make their own food
from inorganic substance like carbon dioxide and
water depend on other organism for their food are
called autotrophs.

16.  Saprotrophic Nutrition
 Parasitic Nutrition
 Holozoic Nutrition

17.  Saprophytic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism obtains its food from decaying organic
matter of dead plants, dead animals, and rotten bread,
etc.
 Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain their food
from dead plants, dead and decaying animal bodies,
and other decaying matter.
 Saprotrophic nutrition is also called saprophytic
nutrition.
 E.g. Mushroom, yeast, etc.

18.  The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism derives its food from the body of another
living organism (called its host) without killing it.
 A parasite is a organism which feeds on another living
organism called its host.
 E.g Cuscuta, Plasmodium, etc

19.  Holozoic nutrition means ‘feeding on solid food’.
 The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism takes the complex organic food material into
its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food
is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the
organism.
 E.g. Amoeba, frog, etc.

20.  Animals obtain their food from plants and animals
thus are heterotrophs.
 Animals can be divided into three groups on the basis
of their food habits:
1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores

21.  The nutrition in human beings takes place through
human digestive system
 The human digestive system consists of the alimentary
canal and its associated glands.
 The various organs of the human digestive system in
sequence: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small
Intestine, and Large Intestine.
 The glands which are associated with the human
digestive system and form a part of the human
digestive system are: Salivary Glands, Liver, and
Pancreas.

24.  The process of releasing energy from food is called
respiration.
 The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen
into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning
food, and the eliminating the waste products from the
body.
 Food + Oxygen ----- Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
 Respiration is essential for life because it provides
energy for carrying out all the life processes which are
necessary to keep the organisms alive.

25.  The respiration which uses oxygen is called aerobic
respiration