Computer System Organization

1. Presentation made by: Ms. Archika Bhatia COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANISATION

5. Slide Rule Slide Rule 1630 based on Napier’s rules for logarithms used until 1970s

8. first stored program - metal cards first computer manufacturing still in use today! Jacquard Loom - 1801

19. Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices. HARDWARE SOFTWARE Software is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the computer run. Program is a set of instructions.

24. SECOND GENERATION TIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like COBOL and FORTRAN COST : Cost decreased OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable. Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604 UNIVAC 1108 IBM 1401 TRANSISITORS

25. THIRD GENERATION TIME PERIOD : late 1960's-1970's TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit SIZE AND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased LANGUAGE USED : Operating System was developed. COST : Cost decreased further OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system , which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell – 6000 series, CDC – 1700. IBM 360/50

30. Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far.

38. Types of Software Software ( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer ) System Software ( Software that controls internal computer operations ) Application Software ( Set of programs to carry out operations for a specified application ) Operating System ( Software which acts as an interface between user and the hardware ) Language Processor ( Software which converts HLL progran into machine language ) Packages ( General utility software ) Utilities ( perform house keeping ) Customized Software ( Tailor made software according to user’s needs )

42. Generations of Computer Languages Low Level Language Fifth Generation Fourth Generation Third Generation (High Level Language) Second Generation (Assembly Language) First Generation (Machine Language)

47. FIRST GENERATION : Machine language i.e. language of 0 and 1 SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language Similar to English Uses mnemonics codes THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language Very close to English E.g. C, C++, Java, VB FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler Used mainly in artificial intelligence research E.g. Prolog , OPS5 , and Mercury

48. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER

49. B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS Secondary Memory (Block Diagram)

50. Input/Output B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS Secondary Memory

52. INPUT DEVICES SCANNER LIGHT PEN

56. Input/Output Page 29 Multimedia – relatively new term for computer input and output in the form of text, graphics, sound, still images, animations, and/or video Of interest … B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS

57. Computer Memory B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS Secondary Memory

60. Bits and Coding Schemes Page 32 Figure 2.4 Computer Coding Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61. Arithmetic/Logical Unit B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS Secondary Memory

63. Computer Files (Secondary Memory) B ASIC C OMPONENTS of C OMPUTER S YSTEMS Secondary Memory