This paper presents the modeling and real-time digital simulation of two
microgrids: the malta college of arts, science and technology (MCAST) and the
german jordan university (GJU). The aim is to provide an overview of future
microgrid situation and capabilities with the benefits of integrating renewable
energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic panels, diesel generators and
energy storage systems for projects on both campuses. The significance of this
work starts with the fact that real measurements were used from the two pilots,
obtained by measuring the real physical systems. These measures were used to
plan different solutions regarding RES and energy storage system (ESS)
topologies and sizes. Also, the demand curves for the real microgrids of
MCAST and GJU have been parameterized, which may serve as a test bed for
other studies in this area. Based on actual data collected from the two pilots, a
real-time digital simulation is performed using an RT-LAB platform. The
results obtained by this tool allow the microgrid manager to have a very
accurate vision of the facility operation, in terms of power flow and default
responses. Several scenarios are studied, extracting valuable insight for
implementing both projects in the future. Eventually, the proposed models
would be a blueprint for training and research purposes in the microgrid field.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Design and Control Issues of Microgrids : A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes key issues in the design and control of microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and outlining their basic design considerations, which include suitable sizing and positioning of distributed energy resources. The document then discusses design aspects like optimal component selection and control strategies. It describes the hierarchical control approach for microgrids, with primary control focusing on voltage/frequency regulation, secondary on deviation mitigation, and tertiary on economic optimization. Finally, it outlines some major issues in microgrid design and control, specifically islanding detection challenges and non-detection zones, where changes in voltage and frequency may not trigger detection.
A Review Of Recent Development In Smart Grid And Micro Grid LaboratoriesJoaquin Hamad
This document summarizes recent developments in smart grid and micro-grid laboratories. It first discusses key features of smart grids, including their decentralized structure and integration of renewable energy. It then reviews several micro-grid laboratory projects in Europe, the US, and Japan that test control systems and other smart grid technologies at small scales. Finally, it outlines ongoing work at UTeM to develop a laboratory-scale micro-grid system to study issues like distributed energy emulation, synchronization with the main grid, and islanding detection.
This white paper proposes organizing distributed energy resources (DER) such as microturbines, fuel cells, and renewable generators into "MicroGrids" to better capture their potential benefits. A MicroGrid is defined as an aggregation of loads and microsources that can operate as a single controlled system providing both power and heat. It appears as a single controlled entity to the bulk power system and can seamlessly separate from the grid during outages. The key technical issues addressed include MicroGrid control functions, protection during normal and isolated operations, and economics.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes key issues related to microgrids, including symmetrical current components analysis. It discusses microgrid research projects in Europe, the US, Japan, and Canada. Microgrids can operate connected to or isolated from the main grid. During isolation, distributed generation units must balance power and share loads. Protection and control of microgrids presents challenges. The paper analyzes symmetrical current components on a distribution network model and reviews voltage/frequency control and protection strategies for microgrids.
Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC DC Microgrid Analysis and I...ijtsrd
Distributed generators DGs that rely on renewable energy sources have become more important in the face of rising global temperatures. Substantial impetus will soon be supplied by wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the use of fuel cells and microturbines. Distributed generation, where electricity is produced by a number of different renewable and unconventional energy sources, has emerged as a viable option for the construction of modern electrical systems because to its low environmental impact, scalability, and adaptability. A microgrid is a small scale electrical grid in which multiple loads and distributed generators are coordinated under a single set of controls. Microgrids are a kind of integrated energy delivery system that may either work in tandem with the main power grid or operate autonomously. The concept of a microgrid eliminates the need for several inverters in a single AC or DC grid and simplifies the connection of intermittent, renewable AC and DC power sources and loads. Equipment safety and security issues have been brought to light by the power electronic converters that link DGs to the utility grid. Greater local dependability, lower feeder losses, local voltage support, increased efficiency through waste heat use, voltage sag correction, and uninterruptible power supply are only some of the configuration options available to the client for the microgrid. In this study, we analyse the functionality of a hybrid AC DC microgrid while connected to the mains power supply. A solar array, a wind generator, and a battery are used to build a microgrid. The converters can now properly coordinate the AC and DC sub grids thanks to the added control techniques. Results were obtained by use of the MATLAB SIMULINK software environment. Sumit Kumar | Ashish Bhargava "Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Analysis and Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52196.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/52196/power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid-analysis-and-implementation/sumit-kumar
This document is a major project report submitted by Sandiip Guptaa in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. The project involved modelling the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in PSCAD. It describes the modelling of PV and wind systems, provides an overview of PSCAD simulation tool, discusses microgrid components, operation and control techniques. It also includes the objectives, methodology, models developed and output results of the project on modelling renewable energy integration in a microgrid using PSCAD software.
This document discusses hybrid microgrid systems, which integrate multiple distributed energy resources like solar, wind, biomass, and batteries. It addresses the technical challenges of operating such hybrid systems and optimizing resource allocation. Key points discussed include:
1) Hybrid systems improve reliability over single resource microgrids but pose integration challenges.
2) Resource optimization techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are used to minimize costs while meeting load.
3) Technical challenges include seamlessly transitioning between grid-tied and isolated modes of operation, achieving black start capability, and developing an adaptive protection strategy.
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Design and Control Issues of Microgrids : A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes key issues in the design and control of microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and outlining their basic design considerations, which include suitable sizing and positioning of distributed energy resources. The document then discusses design aspects like optimal component selection and control strategies. It describes the hierarchical control approach for microgrids, with primary control focusing on voltage/frequency regulation, secondary on deviation mitigation, and tertiary on economic optimization. Finally, it outlines some major issues in microgrid design and control, specifically islanding detection challenges and non-detection zones, where changes in voltage and frequency may not trigger detection.
A Review Of Recent Development In Smart Grid And Micro Grid LaboratoriesJoaquin Hamad
This document summarizes recent developments in smart grid and micro-grid laboratories. It first discusses key features of smart grids, including their decentralized structure and integration of renewable energy. It then reviews several micro-grid laboratory projects in Europe, the US, and Japan that test control systems and other smart grid technologies at small scales. Finally, it outlines ongoing work at UTeM to develop a laboratory-scale micro-grid system to study issues like distributed energy emulation, synchronization with the main grid, and islanding detection.
This white paper proposes organizing distributed energy resources (DER) such as microturbines, fuel cells, and renewable generators into "MicroGrids" to better capture their potential benefits. A MicroGrid is defined as an aggregation of loads and microsources that can operate as a single controlled system providing both power and heat. It appears as a single controlled entity to the bulk power system and can seamlessly separate from the grid during outages. The key technical issues addressed include MicroGrid control functions, protection during normal and isolated operations, and economics.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes key issues related to microgrids, including symmetrical current components analysis. It discusses microgrid research projects in Europe, the US, Japan, and Canada. Microgrids can operate connected to or isolated from the main grid. During isolation, distributed generation units must balance power and share loads. Protection and control of microgrids presents challenges. The paper analyzes symmetrical current components on a distribution network model and reviews voltage/frequency control and protection strategies for microgrids.
Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC DC Microgrid Analysis and I...ijtsrd
Distributed generators DGs that rely on renewable energy sources have become more important in the face of rising global temperatures. Substantial impetus will soon be supplied by wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the use of fuel cells and microturbines. Distributed generation, where electricity is produced by a number of different renewable and unconventional energy sources, has emerged as a viable option for the construction of modern electrical systems because to its low environmental impact, scalability, and adaptability. A microgrid is a small scale electrical grid in which multiple loads and distributed generators are coordinated under a single set of controls. Microgrids are a kind of integrated energy delivery system that may either work in tandem with the main power grid or operate autonomously. The concept of a microgrid eliminates the need for several inverters in a single AC or DC grid and simplifies the connection of intermittent, renewable AC and DC power sources and loads. Equipment safety and security issues have been brought to light by the power electronic converters that link DGs to the utility grid. Greater local dependability, lower feeder losses, local voltage support, increased efficiency through waste heat use, voltage sag correction, and uninterruptible power supply are only some of the configuration options available to the client for the microgrid. In this study, we analyse the functionality of a hybrid AC DC microgrid while connected to the mains power supply. A solar array, a wind generator, and a battery are used to build a microgrid. The converters can now properly coordinate the AC and DC sub grids thanks to the added control techniques. Results were obtained by use of the MATLAB SIMULINK software environment. Sumit Kumar | Ashish Bhargava "Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Analysis and Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52196.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/52196/power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid-analysis-and-implementation/sumit-kumar
This document is a major project report submitted by Sandiip Guptaa in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. The project involved modelling the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in PSCAD. It describes the modelling of PV and wind systems, provides an overview of PSCAD simulation tool, discusses microgrid components, operation and control techniques. It also includes the objectives, methodology, models developed and output results of the project on modelling renewable energy integration in a microgrid using PSCAD software.
This document discusses hybrid microgrid systems, which integrate multiple distributed energy resources like solar, wind, biomass, and batteries. It addresses the technical challenges of operating such hybrid systems and optimizing resource allocation. Key points discussed include:
1) Hybrid systems improve reliability over single resource microgrids but pose integration challenges.
2) Resource optimization techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are used to minimize costs while meeting load.
3) Technical challenges include seamlessly transitioning between grid-tied and isolated modes of operation, achieving black start capability, and developing an adaptive protection strategy.
A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem.pdfssuser793b4e
A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended
This document summarizes recent developments in microgrid protection techniques. It discusses (1) a differential energy based protection scheme that uses time-frequency transforms to detect faults in grid-connected and island modes, (2) an autonomous protection method for low voltage DC microgrids using current sensors and circuit breakers to isolate faulty lines, and (3) an adaptive protection approach using communication between relays and a central protection unit to dynamically adjust settings based on distributed generator conditions and fault contributions. The challenges of microgrid protection include bidirectional power flow, topological changes, intermittent generation, insufficient fault currents, and potential nuisance tripping.
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Optimal state estimation techniques for accurate measurements in internet of...IJECEIAES
This document presents techniques for optimal state estimation and forecasting in Internet of Things (IoT) enabled microgrids using deep neural networks (DNNs). It discusses using Kalman filters and variants as preprocessors to handle raw and missing sensor data. A formulated DNN approach is described to enable accurate component and system-level state estimation and forecasting. Experiments on the IEEE 118-bus system use real load data to test state estimation and forecasting. The research aims to develop novel DNN algorithms for power systems under dynamic conditions and time dependencies.
1MWH SOLAR PLANT CONNECTED TO MICROGRID WITH BESS CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a 1 megawatt-hour solar plant connected to a microgrid with a battery energy storage system (BESS) controller. The study models a microgrid system integrating multiple solar photovoltaic units and a BESS. It proposes a control strategy to regulate power flow between these components and the utility grid. Simulation results show the control strategy maintains load current by compensating for variations from the solar power and grid using available power from BESS. The strategy allows transfer between grid-connected and island modes of operation, with BESS responsible for maintaining voltage and frequency in island mode.
This document summarizes a research paper on microgrid digital twins. It introduces the concept of a microgrid digital twin, which creates a virtual representation of a microgrid that mirrors the behavior of the physical system using real-time data exchange. The paper discusses how microgrid digital twins can be established through modeling physical components and processes, connecting real-time data sources, and continuously updating models. A variety of applications of microgrid digital twins are explored, including design, control, forecasting, fault diagnosis, and resilient operation management. Future trends around increasing data sources, analytics capabilities, and integration of artificial intelligence are also discussed.
Renewable Energy Driven Optimized Microgrid System: A Case Study with Hybrid ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on designing an optimized hybrid microgrid system to meet the thermal and electrical demands of a building in a cost-effective way. The microgrid integrates solar PV, battery energy storage, and thermal energy storage. It was designed to reduce the building's energy consumption and carbon footprint. A case study of a campus in India analyzed reducing cooling loads by 50% using efficient chilled water and thermal energy storage. Shifting night cooling loads to daytime using thermal energy storage helped maximize solar energy use and reduce needed battery storage. The optimized microgrid design met the campus's total annual electrical load of 770,000 kWh through efficiency measures and renewable energy integration.
This document discusses modelling and optimization in microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and differentiating them from similar network structures like standalone grids and hybrid power plants. It then describes the various layers of a microgrid system, including the component, communication, information, application, and business layers. The rest of the document focuses on simulating and optimizing a microgrid case study to aid in sizing the components.
Microgrid energy management system for smart home using multi-agent systemIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a multi-agent system for energy management in a microgrid for smart home applications, the microgrid comprises a photovoltaic source, battery energy storage, electrical loads, and an energy management system (EMS) based on smart agents. The microgrid can be connected to the grid or operating in island mode. All distributed sources are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate a dynamic model of each electrical component. The agent proposed can interact with each other to find the best strategy for energy management using the java agent development framework (JADE) simulator. Furthermore, the proposed agent framework is also validated through a different case study, the efficiency of the proposed approach to schedule local resources and energy management for microgrid is analyzed. The simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed approach using Simulink/JADE co-simulation.
IRJET- Hybrid Renewable Energy Based Micro GridIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy microgrid system. It discusses the design of the microgrid, which integrates solar and wind energy sources along with an energy storage system. The microgrid is intended to provide power reliably while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document outlines the various components of the microgrid, including the renewable energy sources, energy storage, power electronics for integration and control. It also provides simulation results of the microgrid operating over 24 hours and meeting varying electricity demands. The microgrid design aims to demonstrate coordinated control of distributed energy resources to power homes and critical loads efficiently using hybrid renewable sources.
IRJET- Comparison between Ideal and Estimated PV Parameters using Evolutionar...IRJET Journal
This document discusses comparing the ideal and estimated parameters of photovoltaic (PV) panels using evolutionary algorithms. It begins by introducing microgrids and their importance in integrating renewable energy sources like solar PV. It then describes the ideal and practical electrical models of PV panels, noting that practical models account for additional factors. The document aims to estimate the parameters of single-diode and two-diode PV panel models using various optimization algorithms, compare the estimated models to experimental results, and compare the estimated models to the specifications provided by the panel manufacturer.
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart gridIAEME Publication
This document discusses technologies and challenges related to smart grids. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their key characteristics, including integrating distributed energy resources and allowing two-way power and information flow. The document then discusses several important smart grid technologies, such as strong and flexible network topologies, smart grid communication systems, advanced metering, intelligent scheduling and protection systems, power electronics, and distributed energy access. It also discusses innovative control technologies for smart grids like computational intelligence approaches and their benefits. Finally, it covers power converter applications for high-voltage smart grids and various multilevel converter topologies.
Energy Management System in Smart Microgrid Using Multi Objective Grey Wolf O...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy management system for a smart microgrid using a multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm. The goals are to maximize the use of local renewable energy generation, minimize consumer energy costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It describes energy controllers that would manage energy sharing between providers and customers. The multi-objective grey wolf optimization technique is said to provide faster optimization than other methods. Simulation results reportedly show reductions in both pollution and energy consumption costs with this approach.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Solar PV DC Microgrid for Rural ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes and designs a DC microgrid system for rural electrification in India. Key points:
1) The microgrid uses distributed solar PV generation, with maximum power point tracking converters connecting the solar panels. Fanout nodes distribute power to local clusters of homes, and power management units at each home regulate usage and integrate battery storage.
2) Experimental results from a 400W prototype demonstrate the steady-state operation and stability of the system when power from the solar source is varied. The microgrid is able to maintain a stable distributed voltage while enabling power sharing between components.
3) Calculations estimate the levelized cost of electricity for the microgrid design would be lower
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses smart grid initiatives at CESC Ltd. It begins with definitions of smart grid and discusses how CESC is working towards IT-OT convergence. Some key areas CESC is focusing on include integrated communication technology, demand side management using time-of-use meters, advanced monitoring systems integrating DMS, OMS and MDMS, and enterprise application integration between OT systems and IT systems like GIS and CRM. The goal is to modernize the grid to improve efficiency, reliability and optimize system operations.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
IRJET- Impact and Control Study of LV Communication Networks with PV Pene...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact and control of low voltage communication networks with photovoltaic-integrated microgrids. The study designs a new smart microgrid system model using power line communication infrastructure. It contains distributed energy resources like photovoltaics and electric vehicles. The system is simulated in Matlab. Simulation results examine power quality under different microgrid situations when integrating photovoltaics as a distributed resource.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
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Similar a Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta and Jordan based on multiple distributed energy resources
A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem.pdfssuser793b4e
A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended
This document summarizes recent developments in microgrid protection techniques. It discusses (1) a differential energy based protection scheme that uses time-frequency transforms to detect faults in grid-connected and island modes, (2) an autonomous protection method for low voltage DC microgrids using current sensors and circuit breakers to isolate faulty lines, and (3) an adaptive protection approach using communication between relays and a central protection unit to dynamically adjust settings based on distributed generator conditions and fault contributions. The challenges of microgrid protection include bidirectional power flow, topological changes, intermittent generation, insufficient fault currents, and potential nuisance tripping.
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Optimal state estimation techniques for accurate measurements in internet of...IJECEIAES
This document presents techniques for optimal state estimation and forecasting in Internet of Things (IoT) enabled microgrids using deep neural networks (DNNs). It discusses using Kalman filters and variants as preprocessors to handle raw and missing sensor data. A formulated DNN approach is described to enable accurate component and system-level state estimation and forecasting. Experiments on the IEEE 118-bus system use real load data to test state estimation and forecasting. The research aims to develop novel DNN algorithms for power systems under dynamic conditions and time dependencies.
1MWH SOLAR PLANT CONNECTED TO MICROGRID WITH BESS CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a 1 megawatt-hour solar plant connected to a microgrid with a battery energy storage system (BESS) controller. The study models a microgrid system integrating multiple solar photovoltaic units and a BESS. It proposes a control strategy to regulate power flow between these components and the utility grid. Simulation results show the control strategy maintains load current by compensating for variations from the solar power and grid using available power from BESS. The strategy allows transfer between grid-connected and island modes of operation, with BESS responsible for maintaining voltage and frequency in island mode.
This document summarizes a research paper on microgrid digital twins. It introduces the concept of a microgrid digital twin, which creates a virtual representation of a microgrid that mirrors the behavior of the physical system using real-time data exchange. The paper discusses how microgrid digital twins can be established through modeling physical components and processes, connecting real-time data sources, and continuously updating models. A variety of applications of microgrid digital twins are explored, including design, control, forecasting, fault diagnosis, and resilient operation management. Future trends around increasing data sources, analytics capabilities, and integration of artificial intelligence are also discussed.
Renewable Energy Driven Optimized Microgrid System: A Case Study with Hybrid ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on designing an optimized hybrid microgrid system to meet the thermal and electrical demands of a building in a cost-effective way. The microgrid integrates solar PV, battery energy storage, and thermal energy storage. It was designed to reduce the building's energy consumption and carbon footprint. A case study of a campus in India analyzed reducing cooling loads by 50% using efficient chilled water and thermal energy storage. Shifting night cooling loads to daytime using thermal energy storage helped maximize solar energy use and reduce needed battery storage. The optimized microgrid design met the campus's total annual electrical load of 770,000 kWh through efficiency measures and renewable energy integration.
This document discusses modelling and optimization in microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and differentiating them from similar network structures like standalone grids and hybrid power plants. It then describes the various layers of a microgrid system, including the component, communication, information, application, and business layers. The rest of the document focuses on simulating and optimizing a microgrid case study to aid in sizing the components.
Microgrid energy management system for smart home using multi-agent systemIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a multi-agent system for energy management in a microgrid for smart home applications, the microgrid comprises a photovoltaic source, battery energy storage, electrical loads, and an energy management system (EMS) based on smart agents. The microgrid can be connected to the grid or operating in island mode. All distributed sources are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate a dynamic model of each electrical component. The agent proposed can interact with each other to find the best strategy for energy management using the java agent development framework (JADE) simulator. Furthermore, the proposed agent framework is also validated through a different case study, the efficiency of the proposed approach to schedule local resources and energy management for microgrid is analyzed. The simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed approach using Simulink/JADE co-simulation.
IRJET- Hybrid Renewable Energy Based Micro GridIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy microgrid system. It discusses the design of the microgrid, which integrates solar and wind energy sources along with an energy storage system. The microgrid is intended to provide power reliably while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document outlines the various components of the microgrid, including the renewable energy sources, energy storage, power electronics for integration and control. It also provides simulation results of the microgrid operating over 24 hours and meeting varying electricity demands. The microgrid design aims to demonstrate coordinated control of distributed energy resources to power homes and critical loads efficiently using hybrid renewable sources.
IRJET- Comparison between Ideal and Estimated PV Parameters using Evolutionar...IRJET Journal
This document discusses comparing the ideal and estimated parameters of photovoltaic (PV) panels using evolutionary algorithms. It begins by introducing microgrids and their importance in integrating renewable energy sources like solar PV. It then describes the ideal and practical electrical models of PV panels, noting that practical models account for additional factors. The document aims to estimate the parameters of single-diode and two-diode PV panel models using various optimization algorithms, compare the estimated models to experimental results, and compare the estimated models to the specifications provided by the panel manufacturer.
Innovative technologies and challenges in the field of smart gridIAEME Publication
This document discusses technologies and challenges related to smart grids. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their key characteristics, including integrating distributed energy resources and allowing two-way power and information flow. The document then discusses several important smart grid technologies, such as strong and flexible network topologies, smart grid communication systems, advanced metering, intelligent scheduling and protection systems, power electronics, and distributed energy access. It also discusses innovative control technologies for smart grids like computational intelligence approaches and their benefits. Finally, it covers power converter applications for high-voltage smart grids and various multilevel converter topologies.
Energy Management System in Smart Microgrid Using Multi Objective Grey Wolf O...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy management system for a smart microgrid using a multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm. The goals are to maximize the use of local renewable energy generation, minimize consumer energy costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It describes energy controllers that would manage energy sharing between providers and customers. The multi-objective grey wolf optimization technique is said to provide faster optimization than other methods. Simulation results reportedly show reductions in both pollution and energy consumption costs with this approach.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Solar PV DC Microgrid for Rural ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes and designs a DC microgrid system for rural electrification in India. Key points:
1) The microgrid uses distributed solar PV generation, with maximum power point tracking converters connecting the solar panels. Fanout nodes distribute power to local clusters of homes, and power management units at each home regulate usage and integrate battery storage.
2) Experimental results from a 400W prototype demonstrate the steady-state operation and stability of the system when power from the solar source is varied. The microgrid is able to maintain a stable distributed voltage while enabling power sharing between components.
3) Calculations estimate the levelized cost of electricity for the microgrid design would be lower
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses smart grid initiatives at CESC Ltd. It begins with definitions of smart grid and discusses how CESC is working towards IT-OT convergence. Some key areas CESC is focusing on include integrated communication technology, demand side management using time-of-use meters, advanced monitoring systems integrating DMS, OMS and MDMS, and enterprise application integration between OT systems and IT systems like GIS and CRM. The goal is to modernize the grid to improve efficiency, reliability and optimize system operations.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
IRJET- Impact and Control Study of LV Communication Networks with PV Pene...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact and control of low voltage communication networks with photovoltaic-integrated microgrids. The study designs a new smart microgrid system model using power line communication infrastructure. It contains distributed energy resources like photovoltaics and electric vehicles. The system is simulated in Matlab. Simulation results examine power quality under different microgrid situations when integrating photovoltaics as a distributed resource.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
Similar a Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta and Jordan based on multiple distributed energy resources (20)
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Control of a servo-hydraulic system utilizing an extended wavelet functional ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Servo-hydraulic systems have been extensively employed in various industrial applications. However, these systems are characterized by their highly complex and nonlinear dynamics, which complicates the control design stage of such systems. In this paper, an extended wavelet functional link neural network (EWFLNN) is proposed to control the displacement response of the servo-hydraulic system. To optimize the controller's parameters, a recently developed optimization technique, which is called the modified sine cosine algorithm (M-SCA), is exploited as the training method. The proposed controller has achieved remarkable results in terms of tracking two different displacement signals and handling external disturbances. From a comparative study, the proposed EWFLNN controller has attained the best control precision compared with those of other controllers, namely, a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, a wavelet neural network (WNN) controller, and the original wavelet functional link neural network (WFLNN) controller. Moreover, compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the original sine cosine algorithm (SCA), the M-SCA has shown better optimization results in finding the optimal values of the controller's parameters.
Decentralised optimal deployment of mobile underwater sensors for covering la...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the problem of sensing coverage of layers of the ocean in three dimensional underwater environments. We propose distributed control laws to drive mobile underwater sensors to optimally cover a given confined layer of the ocean. By applying this algorithm at first the mobile underwater sensors adjust their depth to the specified depth. Then, they make a triangular grid across a given area. Afterwards, they randomly move to spread across the given grid. These control laws only rely on local information also they are easily implemented and computationally effective as they use some easy consensus rules. The feature of exchanging information just among neighbouring mobile sensors keeps the information exchange minimum in the whole networks and makes this algorithm practicable option for undersea. The efficiency of the presented control laws is confirmed via mathematical proof and numerical simulations.
Evaluation quality of service for internet of things based on fuzzy logic: a ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The development of the internet of thing (IoT) technology has become a major concern in sustainability of quality of service (SQoS) in terms of efficiency, measurement, and evaluation of services, such as our smart home case study. Based on several ambiguous linguistic and standard criteria, this article deals with quality of service (QoS). We used fuzzy logic to select the most appropriate and efficient services. For this reason, we have introduced a new paradigmatic approach to assess QoS. In this regard, to measure SQoS, linguistic terms were collected for identification of ambiguous criteria. This paper collects the results of other work to compare the traditional assessment methods and techniques in IoT. It has been proven that the comparison that traditional valuation methods and techniques could not effectively deal with these metrics. Therefore, fuzzy logic is a worthy method to provide a good measure of QoS with ambiguous linguistic and criteria. The proposed model addresses with constantly being improved, all the main axes of the QoS for a smart home. The results obtained also indicate that the model with its fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) has efficiently evaluate the multiple services of SQoS.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Smart monitoring system using NodeMCU for maintenance of production machinesnooriasukmaningtyas
Maintenance is an activity that helps to reduce risk, increase productivity, improve quality, and minimize production costs. The necessity for maintenance actions will increase efficiency and enhance the safety and quality of products and processes. On getting these conditions, it is necessary to implement a monitoring system used to observe machines' conditions from time to time, especially the machine parts that often experience problems. This paper presents a low-cost intelligent monitoring system using NodeMCU to continuously monitor machine conditions and provide warnings in the case of machine failure. Not only does it provide alerts, but this monitoring system also generates historical data on machine conditions to the Google Cloud (Google Sheet), includes which machines were down, downtime, issues occurred, repairs made, and technician handling. The results obtained are machine operators do not need to lose a relatively long time to call the technician. Likewise, the technicians assisted in carrying out machine maintenance activities and online reports so that errors that often occur due to human error do not happen again. The system succeeded in reducing the technician-calling time and maintenance workreporting time up to 50%. The availability of online and real-time maintenance historical data will support further maintenance strategy.
Design and simulation of a software defined networkingenabled smart switch, f...nooriasukmaningtyas
Using sustainable energy is the future of our planet earth, this became not only economically efficient but also a necessity for the preservation of life on earth. Because of such necessity, smart grids became a very important issue to be researched. Many literatures discussed this topic and with the development of internet of things (IoT) and smart sensors, smart grids are developed even further. On the other hand, software defined networking is a technology that separates the control plane from the data plan of the network. It centralizes the management and the orchestration of the network tasks by using a network controller. The network controller is the heart of the SDN-enabled network, and it can control other networking devices using software defined networking (SDN) protocols such as OpenFlow. A smart switching mechanism called (SDN-smgrid-sw) for the smart grid will be modeled and controlled using SDN. We modeled the environment that interact with the sensors, for the sun and the wind elements. The Algorithm is modeled and programmed for smart efficient power sharing that is managed centrally and monitored using SDN controller. Also, all if the smart grid elements (power sources) are connected to the IP network using IoT protocols.
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
Improving the design of super-lift Luo converter using hybrid switching capac...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this article, an improvement to the positive output super-lift Luo converter (POSLC) has been proposed to get high gain at a low duty cycle. Also, reduce the stress on the switch and diodes, reduce the current through the inductors to reduce loss, and increase efficiency. Using a hybrid switch unit composed of four inductors and two capacitors it is replaced by the main inductor in the elementary circuit. It’s charged in parallel with the same input voltage and discharged in series. The output voltage is increased according to the number of components. The gain equation is modeled. The boundary condition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been derived. Passive components are designed to get high output voltage (8 times at D=0.5) and low ripple about (0.004). The circuit is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controls the converter to provide the most interest from solar energy.
Third harmonic current minimization using third harmonic blocking transformernooriasukmaningtyas
Zero sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) are used to suppress third harmonic currents in 3-phase systems. Three-phase systems where singlephase loading is present, there is every chance that the load is not balanced. If there is zero-sequence current due to unequal load current, then the ZSBT will impose high impedance and the supply voltage at the load end will be varied which is not desired. This paper presents Third harmonic blocking transformer (THBT) which suppresses only higher harmonic zero sequences. The constructional features using all windings in single-core and construction using three single-phase transformers explained. The paper discusses the constructional features, full details of circuit usage, design considerations, and simulation results for different supply and load conditions. A comparison of THBT with ZSBT is made with simulation results by considering four different cases
Power quality improvement of distribution systems asymmetry caused by power d...nooriasukmaningtyas
With an increase of non-linear load in today’s electrical power systems, the rate of power quality drops and the voltage source and frequency deteriorate if not properly compensated with an appropriate device. Filters are most common techniques that employed to overcome this problem and improving power quality. In this paper an improved optimization technique of filter applies to the power system is based on a particle swarm optimization with using artificial neural network technique applied to the unified power flow quality conditioner (PSO-ANN UPQC). Design particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network together result in a very high performance of flexible AC transmission lines (FACTs) controller and it implements to the system to compensate all types of power quality disturbances. This technique is very powerful for minimization of total harmonic distortion of source voltages and currents as a limit permitted by IEEE-519. The work creates a power system model in MATLAB/Simulink program to investigate our proposed optimization technique for improving control circuit of filters. The work also has measured all power quality disturbances of the electrical arc furnace of steel factory and suggests this technique of filter to improve the power quality.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load managementnooriasukmaningtyas
To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
Intelligent fault diagnosis for power distribution systemcomparative studiesnooriasukmaningtyas
Short circuit is one of the most popular types of permanent fault in power distribution system. Thus, fast and accuracy diagnosis of short circuit failure is very important so that the power system works more effectively. In this paper, a newly enhanced support vector machine (SVM) classifier has been investigated to identify ten short-circuit fault types, including single line-toground faults (XG, YG, ZG), line-to-line faults (XY, XZ, YZ), double lineto-ground faults (XYG, XZG, YZG) and three-line faults (XYZ). The performance of this enhanced SVM model has been improved by using three different versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), namely: classical PSO (C-PSO), time varying acceleration coefficients PSO (T-PSO) and constriction factor PSO (K-PSO). Further, utilizing pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-based time domain reflectometry (TDR) method allows to obtain a reliable dataset for SVM classifier. The experimental results performed on a two-branch distribution line show the most optimal variant of PSO for short fault diagnosis.
A deep learning approach based on stochastic gradient descent and least absol...nooriasukmaningtyas
More than eighty-five to ninety percentage of the diabetic patients are affected with diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is an eye disorder that leads to blindness. The computational techniques can support to detect the DR by using the retinal images. However, it is hard to measure the DR with the raw retinal image. This paper proposes an effective method for identification of DR from the retinal images. In this research work, initially the Weiner filter is used for preprocessing the raw retinal image. Then the preprocessed image is segmented using fuzzy c-mean technique. Then from the segmented image, the features are extracted using grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After extracting the fundus image, the feature selection is performed stochastic gradient descent, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for accurate identification during the classification process. Then the inception v3-convolutional neural network (IV3-CNN) model is used in the classification process to classify the image as DR image or non-DR image. By applying the proposed method, the classification performance of IV3-CNN model in identifying DR is studied. Using the proposed method, the DR is identified with the accuracy of about 95%, and the processed retinal image is identified as mild DR.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta and Jordan based on multiple distributed energy resources
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2021, pp. 657~672
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp657-672 657
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for
campuses Malta and Jordan based on multiple distributed
energy resources
Sidahmed Khiat1
, Abdelkader Chaker2
, Lazaros Zacharia3
, Ahmed Onen4
1,2
SCAMRE Laboratory, Departement of Electrical Engineering, National Polytechnic School of Oran - Maurice Audin
(ENPO-MA), Oran, Algeria
3
KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 15, 2020
Revised Aug 7, 2020
Accepted Aug 21, 2020
This paper presents the modeling and real-time digital simulation of two
microgrids: the malta college of arts, science and technology (MCAST) and the
german jordan university (GJU). The aim is to provide an overview of future
microgrid situation and capabilities with the benefits of integrating renewable
energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic panels, diesel generators and
energy storage systems for projects on both campuses. The significance of this
work starts with the fact that real measurements were used from the two pilots,
obtained by measuring the real physical systems. These measures were used to
plan different solutions regarding RES and energy storage system (ESS)
topologies and sizes. Also, the demand curves for the real microgrids of
MCAST and GJU have been parameterized, which may serve as a test bed for
other studies in this area. Based on actual data collected from the two pilots, a
real-time digital simulation is performed using an RT-LAB platform. The
results obtained by this tool allow the microgrid manager to have a very
accurate vision of the facility operation, in terms of power flow and default
responses. Several scenarios are studied, extracting valuable insight for
implementing both projects in the future. Eventually, the proposed models
would be a blueprint for training and research purposes in the microgrid field.
Keywords:
Microgrid
Modeling
Real-time digital simulation
RT-LAB platform
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Sidahmed Khiat
SCAMRE Laboratory
Departement of Electrical Engineering
National Polytechnic School of Oran - Maurice Audin (ENPO-MA)
B.P. 1523 El M'Naouer 31000, Oran, Algeria
Email: sidahmed.khiat@enp-oran.dz
1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is a key element in the social and economic growth of nations. The traditional
electrical power system represents a complete ecosystem that supports socio-economic development through
the provision of a secure and reliable supply of electricity at a minimum cost to all sectors. The future of
electrical systems will be much more focused on small-scale generation and distribution where end-users will
be active participants with localized energy management systems that can interact on a free energy market in
a number of countries. Regulatory reforms have been made to support this transformation by allowing end-
users to invest in RES. Thus, a new concept of power supply networks emerges to generate, distribute, and
regulate the power flow on national, regional and local scale [1].
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In this context, microgrids are modern power supply networks, which are small-scale versions of the
centralized electricity systems, and are designed to provide power for small communities. Microgrids consist
of distributed energy resources (DERs), ESS and controllable loads, which can either be connected to the grid
(grid-connected operation) or be isolated from it (islanded operation). This crucial functionality provides the
means to increase the power quality of supply and improve local reliability. In addition, low investment
costs, reduced carbon emissions and energy losses can also contribute to the benefits, as well as robustness
and resilience, key features of microgrid systems, further enhancing their operation. Microgrids have been
technically investigated in the several review papers [2-4].
Generally, the proposed architectures for microgrids are mainly three: AC-microgrids, DC-
microgrids, and hybrid AC/DC microgrids [3-5]. While AC microgrids have more capacity, controllability
and flexibility, DC microgrids have higher system efficiency, lower cost and system size because of the
absence of the DC/AC inverters. Hybrid AC/DC architecture has advantages of both AC and DC microgrid
architectures, such as minimum number of interface elements, easier integration of DERs, reduced
conversion stages, energy losses and total costs, and higher reliability [6-9].
Microgrids generate, distribute and regulate the power flow to consumers on a local dimension. energy
management systems (EMS) are employed to undertake the essential role of providing stable, reliable and
sustainable microgrid operation, as well as other goals such as minimizing costs and fuel consumption [10-14].
EMS for microgrids can be divided into 2 configurations: centralized [15-17] and decentralized [18-21].
Despite the many advantages of microgrids, there are still major challenges/barriers to address when
connecting microgrid systems to the distribution grid [22, 23]. Penetration of RES to the grid can cause serious
problems because of their intermittent and volatile nature [24]. Moreover, because of the various and
heterogeneous components used in large-scale microgrids, compatibility problems between components are
often observed. Protection issues are also one of the significant challenges. The characteristics of protection
schemes in microgrids are different from those of traditional distribution systems, where differences in the
configuration applied are also identified according to the operation mode (grid-connected or islanded) [25-29].
Taking into consideration all of the above it is evident that microgrids are an area of extensive
research, and standardized solutions that can be easily adapted to all kinds of local conditions of demand
requirements and resource availability do not exist yet. Particularly over the last years, there is an increasing
interest amongst the research society to explore and exploit the benefits and overcome the barriers for
integrating microgrids, especially in the context of the smart grid (SG). Due to this reason, higher education
university main campuses at MCAST (Malta) and GJU (Jordan) are chosen as pilots for the development of
microgrids, which can be utilized as living laboratories for research purposes [30].
To avoid these challenges in real site implementation, real time digital simulations are used to test the
control design, investigate components and its compatibility with each other and provide an opportunity to make
changes in the system before the assembly or start-up process. The various real-time testing approaches that are
used for microgrids are mainly three: purely software real-time digital simulation (RTS), hardware in the loop
(HIL) and power HIL (PHIL) [31, 32]. In the pure software RTS, there is no interaction with any hardware and
the whole system is operated in the digital simulation environment. On the contrary, both software and hardware
are needed for HIL. Thus, results obtained from the simulator are more close to real site results. On the other
hand, PHIL operates sending or absorbing the power required by the devices under test (DUT). When doing
this, power amplifiers are needed between the actual system and the real-time simulator [33, 34]. There are
several companies serving the real-time simulator market such as OPAL-RT Technologies [35], RTDS
Technologies [36], Typhoon HIL [37] and National Instruments [38, 39]. In this study, we consider a pilot
microgrid design that consists of photovoltaics, standby diesel generators, and backup ESS. It is analyzed
both in grid-connected and islanded operation.
The design of the microgrids performed on the OPAL-RT / RT-LAB platform. The main contribution
of this paper is to present the modeling of the two microgrid systems under various scenarios and to simulate in
real-time the MCAST and GJU pilot microgrids building upon existing data from each one Our digital
simulation in real time demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed system [40]. The presented work is
part of the multi-stakeholder collaborative project “3DMicroGrid”, financed through the ERANETMED
initiative of the EU. Its objective is to propose new microgrid models with enhanced performance. This is
achieved by innovative control methodologies which ensure stable and smooth operation, either in grid-
connected or islanded mode, maximize RES integration and improve reliability and power quality.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the architectures of the proposed model,
including MCAST and GJU pilots. Section 3 describes their component models. Real time digital simulation is
described in Section 4. The results and analyses of the scenarios according to the real-time digital simulation of the
MCAST and GJU microgrids are discussed in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions.
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2. MCAST AND GJU MICROGRID PILOTS DESCRIPTION
Towards better understanding the examined scenarios and configurations, this section presents in
detail the topologies of the two pilots. As already stated, the designed microgrids are based on real-life
premises that have been designed towards operating as fully functional microgrids. The simulated scenarios
are synthesized from real-data extracted from the actual infrastructure.
Business scenarios and technical use cases are developed to cover basic microgrid functionalities for
the MCAST and GJU pilot sites. The aim is to deliver a hybrid control architecture that incorporates both
centralized and decentralized principles in a multi-agent scheme [41, 42]. The conceptual architecture, based
on 3-level hierarchical control requirements, is thoroughly modelled. Then, different scenarios are executed
in real-time digital simulation.
2.1. MCAST microgrid pilot description
The pilot microgrid will cover the part of MCAST campus which consists of three buildings (D, F, and J)
and an underground car park as shown in Figure 1. The current electrical network of the MCAST pilot area
consists of two substations (SS1 for J and SS2 for D and F). Every substation is separated into two parts: one for
the high voltage (HV) switchgear and transformers and another one for the low voltage (LV) switchgear [30, 40].
There are 63.24 kWp PV systems installed on the three buildings (D, F and J). So far, a 21.12 kWp PV is
connected to the LV system in Block J (SS1). Another two facilities with 21.12 kWp and 21 kWp, located on top
of Block D and Block F, respectively, will be connected very soon to SS2. Figure 2 displays the microgrid pilot.
Figure 1. Aerial view of MCAST buildings being
proposed
Figure 2. MCAST campus case study- microgrid
pilot
The building management system (BMS) (is developed using Trend 963 Server Package using
Trend IQ4E controller) for the pilot buildings is already collecting energy data. To support real-time
microgrid operation, the infrastructure has already been designed and currently being deployed to support
open-protocol gateways, which are in turn „linked‟ to the main controller. This incorporates standard
protocols and drivers, such as Modbus (both RTU and TCP/IP), Bacnet IP and Lon, all of which will be
required to enable interaction between systems [40, 41]. Through these interfaces, data is gathered from each
system, as shown in Figure 3. Additional data can be added in the future as necessary.
Every building is equipped with a BMS to control the loads (HVAC, lights, etc.) in floor level but
not all of them log the data. In order to solve this problem, the loads are categorized according to their
functionality into four types: offices, classrooms, labs and services. Then, the consumption per m2
of each
type is calculated and aggregated values for each building are extracted to create the various load profiles.
2.2. GJU microgrid pilot description
The microgrid pilot will cover the whole campus of GJU which consists of thirteen buildings plus
another three under construction. The main station contains two 33/11 KV transformers. Every one of which
feeds three 11/0.4 KV transformers located around the campus feeding all the buildings. In total, there are six
transformers in a loop configuration around the campus to increase the reliability of the system, see Figure 4.
The microgridis expected to use four sources of electricity (Utility grid, PV system, diesel generator
and ESS) in order to meet the demand in the campus while achieving high reliability and low operating cost.
Figure 5 shows the GJU campus microgrid pilot [41-43]. Every building is equipped with a BMS to control
the loads (HVAC, lights, etc.) in floor level but not all of them log the data. In order to solve this problem,
the loads are categorized according to their functionality into four types: offices, classrooms, labs and
services. Then, the consumption per m2
of each type is calculated and aggregated values for each building are
extracted to create the various load profiles.
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Figure 3. Building management system overview
Figure 4. Distribution of GJU buildings and
electrical network
Figure 5. GJU campus microgrid pilot
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3. MODELING MICROGRID SYSTEMS COMPONENTS
In order to be able to model the microgrid and perform a digital simulation in real time, we first modeled
the microgrid components such as: a) building model, b) PV system model, c) ESS model, and d) diesel generator
model, for both MCAST and GJU pilot microgrids, in discrete time EMT simulation models [44-46].
3.1. Building model
The building model is a Three-phase load model (4-wire) and depends on the seasonal load profiles,
Figure 6. In this block, typical load profiles are used and must be updated according to the MCAST and GJU
measurements [41-46]. The load models are modeled as ideal current sources where the absorbs current ensures
that follows the load profile consumption according to the existing voltage conditions as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Building model – controllable and uncontrollable loads
3.2. PV model
The PV system model is built using Matlab/Simulink and it contains a 3-wire interconnection. The
production of power (PPV) depends on the solar irradiation for 24h (every 1s), the temperature of the
environment and configuration of the PV panels. To enable the appropriate operation of the PV system, an
advanced model for the grid side converter (GSC) has been developed. As shown in Figure 7 the GSC is
managed by its controller based on a synchronization method, a PQ controller, a current controller and a
maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and a Q-profile unit according to [44-48] The high-level
configuration of the PV system can be modified by the user and the PV system is able to provide voltage-
reactive power support into the grid during voltage sag events.
Figure 7. PV system model
3.3. Battery energy storage system model
The battery energy storage system (BESS) model is designed in a similar way with the PV model
[44-46], it contains a grid-tied inverter with 3-wire interconnection while the charging and discharging rate
(kW) depend on the rating of the inverter and the characteristics of the storage device. There are two ways for
Ideal
Current
Sources
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n
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Q k
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Q k
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d d
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dq
abc
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managing the ESS. The first option is to allow the BESS to autonomously schedule it operation during a day
in order to maximize its profit considering a variable pricing scheme Figure 8. The second option is to
externally manage the scheduling of the BESS by set-point send by an external controller which considers
maximizing the self-consumption of the microgrid. It should be noted that the BESS has been designed in a
way it optionally provide reactive power support during voltage sag.
Figure 8. Battery energy storage system (BESS) block
3.4. Diesel generator model
Diesel generator is actually one of the most important components of the microgrid, since it will
operate as the master in case of islanding. The generator is simulated based on the sixth-order state space
model. For the stable and controllable operation of the microgrid, the diesel generator is equipped with local
controllers and more specifically, an AC5A exciter and a speed regulator based on the isochronous governor
model. Figure 9 illustrates the diesel engine model [44-46]. Furthermore, the governor controller is
constructed to able to change the generator‟s active power output according to set points, which canderive
from the microgrid central controller for a proper energy scheduling during the interconnected mode.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 9. (a) Model of the diesel generator, (b) exciter AC5A, and (c) speed regulator model
Ka
Σ
ωref
ω
Σ
1
1 G
T s
1
1 CH
T s
Pset-point
Tmax
Tmin
Torque
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3.5. Complete model of microrids MCAST and GJU
After implementing all these microgrid systems components models, the models are combined
together to form a complete MCAST and GJU microgrid system with grid connected and islanded. On the
complete model of MCAST microgrid we have one renewable energy source are included two PVs system
model installed in building D and F and one in building J with a 63.24 kWp total energy generation. We have
also one BESS and diesel generator on building D and F and one diesel generator on building. Loads are
based on the active and reactive power data provided by MCAST [40, 49].
On the complete model of GJU microgrid we have also one renewable energy source are included
one PV system model installed in buildings (B,D,E,F) with a 320 kWp total energy generation. We have one
battery storage system in buildings (B,C,D) and 6 diesel generators one in each building. Loads are the active
and reactive power data provided by GJU [43]. Simulation of the system using the MATLAB/Simulink tool
[44-46], the powers measurements are displayed and observed as explained in the real-time digital simulation
in Section 5.
4. REAL TIME SIMULATION
The objective of the real-time simulator is to test the different electrical equipment in the most
natural possible conditions: as if they were connected to the real physical systems associated with them.
Therefore, the real-time simulator must reproduce as closely as possible the dynamic behavior of the
electrical system under control [36]. The real-time digital simulation of the electrical system to be controlled
passes through different phases:
a) A modeling phase that consists in the putting of equation of the system.
b) Design an algorithmic specification (choice of sampling period, discretization and quantification).
c) Finally, a phase of real - time implantation.
4.1. Hardware and software architecture
The hardware equipment installed in our SCAMRE laboratory consists of two connected simulators,
the wanda-4u and the OP-5600 as shown in Figure 10. The wanda-4u target has two CPU processors
including 2 enabled cores and 16 I /Os, and two CPUs including 2 enabled cores and 16 I/Os, for the OP-
5600. The main role of the target is the execution of different computation subsystems. The computation
subsystem will be executed in real-time (or accelerated simulation mode) on a CPU core of the real-time
target. The development, editing, verification and compilation of models are done on the host computer. Its
second mission is to function as a console or command post in charge of control and observation during the
simulation. Ethernet protocol is used to communicate between hosts and targets. The data between
computation subsystem and GUI subsystem is exchanged asynchronously through the TCP / IP link.
All models studied are modeled and developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. RT-LAB is a
graphic platform that allows making 4 main processes: edit models under Simulink directly via RT-LAB,
compile (consist to transform Simulink model into a real time application), load and execute the digital
simulation on the real-time targets.
Multi-processor operating mode enables real-time simulations on RT-LAB platform. The overall
purpose is to separate a complex system to some simple subsystems and do parallel operations in
multiprocessor. RT-LAB connects physical devices to the simulation system to make the simulation closer to
reality and get more realistic results [50, 51].
Figure 10. RT-LAB simulator architecture (SCAMRE Laboratory)
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5. IMPLEMENTATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For better visibility of the projects presented, it is mandatory to realize a microgrid model and to
simulate it in real-time with the eMEGAsim software. For this reason, the entire model has to be rearranged
mainly into two or three subsystems, which are master, slave and console subsystems. The microgrid system
is modeled in an environment that integrates Simulink/SimPowerSystems with the eMEGAsim simulation of
the RT LAB platform. This platform improves the simulation of significantly large systems with real-time
performance across multiple CPUs.
5.1. MCAST microgrid pilot and scenarios
Before moving on to real-time digital simulation, we first start by separating the model into 2
subsystems (SM_MCAST and SC_Monitoring) to distinguish the computation subsystem from the GUI
subsystem and to assign the first subsystem to CPU core, as depicted in Figure 11. The OpComm block
ensures communication between the two subsystems (computation and GUI).All subsystems inputs must first
go through an OpComm block before any operations can be done on the signals they are associated with. We
used the OpWrite File block from the RT-LAB library to record Simulink signals and data in a MAT file
using a Mux block. Figure 12 show the compelte system architecture.
Figure 11. MCAST microgrid model in RT-LAB
platform
Figure 12. MCAST system architecture in RT-LAB
platform with OpComm and OpWriteFile blocks
5.1.1. Scenarios, results and discussion
In order to test the correct operation of the microgrid MCAST that we model, we realized three
different simulation scenarios in real time with 50µs step simulation. For the first scenario, a simulation of
one-hour duration under normal conditions in grid-connected mode is performed. The data corresponds to a
period of one hour, from 8:00 am to 9:00 am, of the 13/07/2017 representing a high-load period as shown in
Figures 13 and 14.
For the second scenario, the same data is used. Now, the power from the grid is interrupted during
15 minutes (islanded operation). Finally, the last scenario corresponds to an evening period, from 19:50 pm
to 20:50 pm of the same day as shown in Figures 13 and 15.
Figure 13. Active and reactive power data in 24h Figure 14. Active and reactive power data from 8:00
am to 9:00 am
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Figure 15. Active and reactive power data from 19:50 pm to 20:50 pm
MCAST Scenario 1
The results of the first scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figure 16 and Figure
17. The first figure is divided into eight illustrations that represent active (a) and reactive (b) power generated
(grid, PVs, diesel generators), active (c) and reactive (d) powers of loads, active battery power (e), battery
SoC (f), solar irradiance (g) and temperature (h) data respectively. The second figure represents load voltage
and current profile during the real-time digital simulation.
From 0s to 3600s we see that the active and reactive power generated is proportional to the loads
(the power generated is greater than the building loads because in the model we have other constant loads).
80% of the energy produced comes from the grid and the rest of 20% is generated by the PVs. The power
generated by the grid is between 220 kW and 270 kW, and the power produced by the PVs is between 48 kW
and 50 kW, the power generated by the diesel generator is 0 kW given the fact that the microgrid is
constantly in grid-connected mode. The diesel generation is expected to start when there is a power failure in
the grid and the microgrid operates in islanded mode. From 0s to 2400 s the battery is on charging mode and
the state of charge is between 65% and 95%.
Figure 16. Results of MCAST real-time digital
simulation (Scenario1)
Figure 17. V and I load results of MCAST real-time
digital simulation (scenario1)
(b)
(a)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
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MCAST Scenario 2
The results of the second scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figure 18 and are
divided into six illustrations that represent total active and reactive power generated (grid, PVs, diesel
generators) (a,b,c,d,e,f) respectively. According to the case. From 0s to 3600s, we see that the total active and
reactive power generated is proportional to the loads. At 1800s, the power grid is interrupted, we see that the
power generated by the grid becomes 0 kW and the diesel generator takes the role of producing the power to
ensure the continuity of production. At 2700s, the power grid is restored, the power generated by the diesel
generator becomes 0 kW, the grid becomes again the master energy source. We conclude that the diesel
generator becomes the master in the case of islanding mode.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 18. Results of MCAST Real-time digital simulation (scenario 2)
MCAST Scenario 3
The results of the third scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figure 19 and are divided
also into six illustrations that represent total active (a) and reactive (b) power generated (grid, PVs, diesel
generators), active (c) and reactive (d) power loads and solar irradiance (e) and temperature (f) data respectively.
Figure 19. Results of MCAST real-time digital simulation (Scenario3)
(a
)
(b)
(c) (d)
(f)
(e)
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From 0 to 3600 s we see that the total active and reactive power generated is proportional to the night
loads. From 0s to 1700s the power generated by the PVs decreases from 5 kW to 0 kW and it represents 2% of
the total production of the power. The solar irradiance decreases from 108W/m2 to 0W/m2. The temperature
also decreases from 23,1oC to 20,1oC. At 1700s grid represents 100% of the total production of power.
5.2. GJU microgrid pilot and scenarios
Before proceeding to the real-time digital simulation of the GJU model, the same procedure was
followed in the same way as the MCAST model as shown in Figure 20. An OpComm block was added to
provide communication between the computation subsystem and the GUI subsystem. We also used the
OpWriteFile block of the RT LAB library to record Simulink signals and data into a MAT file using a Mux
block, Figure 21 show the complete GJU System Architecture in RT-LAB for the real-time digital
simulation.
Figure 20. GJU model in RT-LAB platform Figure 21. GJU system architecture with OpComm and
OpWriteFile block
5.2.1. Scenarios, results and discussion
To test the good operation of the modelled GJU microgrid, 3 different simulation scenarios were
realized in real-time with 50µs step simulation. For the first scenario we have simulated a one hour duration
under normal grid-connected conditions (morning); the data selected for this simulation include a timeframe
from 10:00 am to 11:00 am of the 10/07/2017, representing the period where the load is very high as shown
in Figure 22. For the second scenario we used the same data as the previous scenario but with different
conditions, where the power from the grid has been uninterrupted for a period of 18 minutes (islanded
operation). For the last scenario we proceeded in the same way as the first scenario but with data from 16:30
pm to 17:30 pm of the same date, representing the sunset moment as shown in Figure 23.
Figure 22. Active and reactive power data from
10:00 am to 11:00 am
Figure 23. Active and reactive Power data from 17:30
pm to 18:30 pm
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GJU Scenario 1
The results of the first scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figures 24 and 25.
The first figure is divided into eight illustrations that represent active (a) and reactive (b) power (grid, PVs,
diesel generator), active (c) and reactive (d) power of loads, active battery power (e), battery SoC (f), solar
irradiance (g) and temperature (h) data, respectively.
Figure 24. Active power, reactive power, SOC, solar
irradiance and temperature results of GJU real-time
digital simulation
Figure 25. V and I load results of GJU real-time
digital simulation (scenario 1)
GJU Scenario 2
The results of the second scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figure 26 and are
divided into six illustrations that represent different outputs show (a,b,c,d,e,f) total active and reactive power
(grid,PVs,diesel generator).
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 26. Active and reactive power results of GJU real-time digital simulation
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(h)
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Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta and Jordan… (Sidahmed Khiat)
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From 0s to 3600 s we see that the total active and reactive power generated is proportional to the
loads. At 2040 s we disconnect the grid using a 3 phase breaker, we observe that the power generated by the
grid becomes 0 kW and the diesel generator breaker closes and takes the role of producing the power to
ensure the continuity of production. At 3150 s we connect the grid, we see that the 3 phase breaker of diesel
generator opens and the power generated becomes 0 kW, the grid becomes master. We conclude that the
diesel generator becomes the master in case of islanding mode.
GJU Scenario 3
The results of the third scenario of the real-time digital simulation are shown in Figure 27 and it
divided also into six illustrations that represent different outputs show (a,b,c,d,e,f), represent respectively,
total active and reactive generated power (grid, PVs, Diesel generator), active and reactive power loads, solar
irradiance and temperature data.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 27. Active power, reactive power, SOC, solar irradiance and temperature results of MCAST real-time
digital simulation (Scenario3)
From 0s to 3600s we see that the total active and reactive power generated is proportional to the
night loads. From 0s to 2400s the power generated by the PVs decreases from 10 kW to 0 kW and it
represents 1% of the total production of the power. The solar irradiance decreases from 26 W/m2 to 0 W/m2.
The temperature also decreases from 21,8 0C to 20,2 0C. At 2400s grid represents 100% of the total
production of power.
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper two microgrid models have been designed based on actual premises of two university
campus in Malta (MCAST) and Jordan (GJU) using RT-LAB platform. One-hour real time digital simulation
is performed using the OP5600 simulator. Three different scenarios are evaluated for each model and the
results are satisfying for both the MCAST and GJU pilots.
The real-time digital simulation on RT-LAB platform allowed us to study several scenarios in very
close to reality conditions, and to make several tests on the models conceived without risk, before deploying
them in the field. The results obtained have validated the proper functioning of the electrical energy
management in the two future microgrids to be realized. The validation was obtained thanks to the real time
digital simulation capable of performing calculations at a time step of up to 10 μs.
Future work can be directed towards the optimization, analysis and decentralized control of
microgrids that would involve different energy management strategies. The optimization aims to reduce the
current loads present in buildings as well as to optimize the use of current renewable generation systems.
However, in order to be able to evaluate simulation results, both optimization and control must be
synchronized with real-time data to be able to monitor the current situation in buildings. We can then make
HIL simulation using real sources of electrical power and real energy sources equipment to validate the final
design and move directly to field deployment. Efficient energy management and the integration of RES while
providing a laboratory concept, can adapt microgrids to the real state in the future.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank for their collaboration, all the researchers of "3DMicroGrid " through the
ERANETMED initiative of Member States, Associated Countries and Mediterranean Partner Countries
(3DMgrid Project ID eranetmed_energy-11-286).
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Sidahmed Khiat has received his M.S degree in Computer Engineer from University of Oran,
Algeria, in 2016. He is currently a Ph.D student in the Electrical Engineering Department at
ENPO-MA, Oran, Algeria and member of “SCAMRE” laboratory. His research activities
include the control electric power systems, real time simulation of power systems, smart grids,
smart microgrids and Computer Science.
Pr. Abdelkader Chaker is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at ENPO-MA,
Oran, Algeria and director of “SCAMRE” laboratory. He received a PHD degree in electrical
engineering from Polytechnic Institute of Saint Petersburg Russia. His research activities include
the stability, optimization and maintenance of electrical networks.
Lazaros Zacharia has received his Diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineer from National
Technology University of Athens, Greece, in 2013. In 2014, he obtained the MSc in Sustainable
Energy Futures with distinction from Imperial College, London. He is currently a Ph.D student
in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Cyprus and a
Researcher at KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence. His research interests lie in
the areas of Wide Area Monitoring and Control, smart grids, electric power systems, state
estimation in the transmission system and renewable energy.
Dr. Ahmed Onen received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical-Electronics Engineering from
Gaziantep University in 2005. He received the M.S degree in Electrical-Computer Engineering
from Clemson University in2010 and his Ph.D. from Virginia Tech – Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department in 2014. Prior to joining Abdullah Gul University as a faculty of
Electrical-Electronics Engineering in 2014, He was a member of EDD company located in US to
develop software for distribution companies. He is in the editor board of Electrical Engineering
(Springer), Frontiers in Energy, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering.