1. Libro de Gramatica
Hermosa Hammond – Periodo Uno – Espanol
IV Honores

2. Material Slides
The Present Tense 3-
Regular Verbos
Stem Changing Verbs Explained
Irregular Yo Formas and Endings in
-Jo
Verbs with Prefixes
Ser y Estar
TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. 1. Habitual actions or near-future actions.
2. Formed by dropping infinitive ending –ar –ir – er and adding
appropriate ending.
El Presente Regular –ar –ir –
ir Verbos

4. • Some verbs have stem changes in the present tense. In
many –ar, -er, ir, e to ie o to ue. u ue
Stem changing Verbos en el
presente

5. Caer Distinguir Hacer Poner
caigo Distingo Hago Pongo
Salir Traer Valer Conducir
• Many er and ir verbs Salgo Traigo Valgo conduzco
Conocer Crecer Obedecer Parecer
conozco
Producir traducer
Irregular Yo Formas

6. • Dirigir yo dirijo
• Escoger yo escojo
• Exigir yo exijo
• Proteger yo protejo
• Caber yo quepo
• Saber yo se
• Ver yo veo
Endings in -Jo

7. • Reconocer
• Deshacer
• Rehacer
• Aparecer
• Desaparecer
• Componer
• Oponer
• Proponer
• Suponer
• Atraer
• Contraer
• distraer
Verbos con prefixes follow
the same pattern

8. • Dar, to give, doy das da damos dais dan
• Decir, to say digo dices dice decimos decis dicen
• Estar to be estoy estas esta estamos estais estan
• Ir to go voy vas va vamos vais van
• Oir to hear oigo oyes oye oimos ois oyen
• Ser to be soy eres es somos
Verbos Irregulares

9. • Hboth mean to be, but they are not interchangeable. Ser is
used to express idea of permanance, such as inherent or
unchangimg qualities and characteristics. Estar is used to
express temporality, including qualities that change over
time.
• Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected
qualities. Etar is used to describe temporary or variable
qualities.
• With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar can
be used but the meaning can change.
Ser y Estar

10. • Location or spatial relationships
• Health
• Physical states and conditions
• Emotional states
• Certain weather expressions
• Ongoing actions
• Results of actions
• Death – muertos
Estar

11. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

12. • The thing or person that pleases is the subject, gustar agrees in person and number with it.
• When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used.
• Gustar is often used in the conditional (gustaria) to soften a request.
• Hacer falta
• Importar
• Precoupar
Caer
bien/ Faltar Faltar Molestar
mal
Fascinar Soprender Abburir Interesar
preocupar Quedar Encantar Importar
Verbs like Gustar

13. • The construction a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun
can be used to emphasize who is pleased, bothered, et
cetera.
• Faltar expresses what someone or something lacks and
quedar expresses what someone or something has left.
Quedar is also used to talk about how clothing fits or
looks on someone.

14. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
It’s a mood!

15. • Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical.
• Ojala que …
• Main clause + connector + subordinate clause.
• -ar: e, es, e ,emos, en
• -er/-ir: a, as, a, amos, an
• Irregular: dar (de); estar (este); ir (vaya); saber (sepa); haber
(haya); ser (sea)
Present Subjunctive

16. • Wishing/wanting
• Emotions
• Doubt
• Disbelief
• Impersonal expression
• Negation
• God/grief
Subjunctive: WEDDINGS

17. Tenga
Venga
De/diga
Ir- Vaya
Sea
Haga/haya
Este
Sepa
TVDISHES are irregular

18. • Es Bueno que…
• Es mejor que…
• Es malo que…
• Es importante que…
• Es necesario que…
• Es urgente que…
Impersonal Expressions

19. • Aconsejar-to advise
• Segerir to suggest
• Importar- to be important
• Insistir- to insist
• Mandar- to order
• prohibir- to prohibit
• Recomendar- to recommend
• Rogar to beg or plead
Verbs of Will and
Influence

20. • To be happy- alegrarse
• To hope or wish- esperar
• Sentir to be sorry
• To surprise soprender
• Te,er tp ne afraod
• Es triste it’s sad
• Ojala I hope that I wish that
Frases!

21. • To doubt- dudar
• Negar- to deny
• Es imposible- it’s impossible
• Es improbable- it’s improbable
• No es cierto- it’s not true/certain
• No es verdad- it’s not true
• Expressions of
No es seguro- it is not certain.
doubt, denial, and
disbelief.

22. MANDATOS
Do this! Do that! Don’t do this! Don’t do that!

23. Formal
Usted and Tu Nosotros
Ustedes!
Yo form and opposite Put in the Tu form and Change to –emos
vowels for the drop the s for the and –amos (ar and
affirmative and affirmative; Yo form, er)
negative. opposite vowels, add an
TVDISHES are s for negative. Monos:
irregular IRREGULARS: Vamonos, rather
negative- TVDISHES than vayamos
affirmative- pon, sal,
ten, ven, ve, di.
MANDATOS! Commands!

24. OBJECT PRONOUNS

25. • Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Direct Object Pronouns directly receive the
action of the verb. Indirect Object Pronouns are the TO WHOM and FOR WHOM.
• Direct and indirect object pronouns ( los pronombres de completmento directo e indirecto)
precede the conjugated verbs
• When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may be either attracted to the
infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.
• When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present
participle or placed before the conjugated verb.
• The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a
sentence.
• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las.
• When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent is
often required to maintain proper word stress.
• Prepositional pronouns fucnction as the objects as the objects of prepositions. Except for
mi, ti, and si, they are identitcal to their corresponding subject pronouns.
• These Prepositions are used with tu and yo instead of mi and ti:
entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, segun.
Object Pronouns

26. • Short, unstressed
• Mi- my
• Tu- your
• Su- his or hers or its
• Nuestro-our
• Vuestro-you all’s
• Su- your or their, depending on formality.
Possessive Adjectives

27. • Long form, stressed: in addition to being used like the
unstressed (mine, yours) they can be used as the following:
• Mio – of my
• Tuyo – of yours
• Suyo – of his or hers or theirs
• Nuestro – of ours
• Vuestro – of you all’s
• Suyo – of theirs or of yours
• Both stressed and unstressed, these adjectives show possession of a
noun; usually, the possessive adjective comes before the noun, but the
long form can often go after.
Possessive Adjectives

28. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
This; that; whose; whom …

29. Singular Plural
• Este and esta mean these, • Estos or estas mean
depending on gender these, depending on
gender.
• Ese and esa mean that,
depending on gender. • Esos or Esas mean
those, depending on
• Aquel and Aquella can gender.
mean that over there, also • Aquellos and Aquellas
depending on gender. can mean those over
there, depending on
gender
Demonstrative Adjectives &
Demonstrative Pronouns

30. • Careful, this can change the meaning of the verb!
• Used before the direct object when they are used in
conjunction.
• Take the beginnings:
• Me – Me lavo
• Te – Te lavas
• Se – Se lava
• Os – Os Lavais
• Nos – Nos lavamos
• Se – Se lavan
• Add to the correctly conjugated verbo!
Reflexives:

31. POR OR PARA?

32. • Por
• Motion
• General location
• Duration of action
• Reason or Motive
• Object of a search
• Means by which
• Unit of measure
• Exchange or Substitution
• Many idiomatic expressions.
Por ejemplo
Por eso
Por fin
POR

33. • Destination
• Deadline
• Recipient
• Purpose
• Comparison
• Employment/schooling
PARA

34. • Ponercer and an adjective mean there has been a change
in the mental, emotional, or physical state briefly.
• Llegar a ser with a noun or adjective means there has
been a change over time.
• Volverse and an adjective indicate a radical change
mentally or emotionally.
• Hacerse with a noun or adjective indicate a change after
the subject’s effort (i.e. hard work to get a promotion.)
Becoming: Using Ser