1. Chapter 18 Natalie Steele The Rhetoric

2. What is the Rhetoric? Written 2,500 years ago Still to this day relates to many different fields Written by Aristotle Explains the dynamics of pubic speaking Consists of three books Public Speakers Audience Speech

3. Aristotle Protégé of Plato Differed in world view Plato= absolute truths, Aristotle= here and now Also, differed from Sophists Decided to write the Rhetoric Well rounded approach to speech making Definition: the available means of persuasion

4. Effective public speakers must consider their audience Effective public speakers must use a number of proofs in their presentation Assumptions of the Rhetoric

5. Key idea: Communication is a transactional process. Think about audience’s collective motivations, decisions and choices (audience analysis). Age, sex, education level etc. Why is this a good idea? Why wouldn’t this work? Effective Public Speakers Must Consider Their Audience

6. Activity #1 What changes would you make in your presentation to considering the audience in regards to age?

7. Effective public speakers must consider their audience Effective public speakers must use a number of proofs in their presentation Assumptions of the Rhetoric

8. Effective Speakers Must Use a Number of Proofs in Their Presentations Three proofs exist: Ethos Pathos Logos

9. Definition: Perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker. Mutual influence between audience and speaker Down to earth application: Through speech, the speaker proves him or herself to be trustworthy and credible. Aristotle thought ethos “can be trained and made habitual”. Ethos

10. Definition: Emotional Proof Drawn from audience members Down to earth application: Messages are more effective when the integration of appropriate congruent emotions are included. Makes the audience more receptive. Pathos

11. Definition: Logical proof; arguments and rationalizations. Down to earth application: Statistics, facts, and compelling information. Also, realistic statements that are clear and straightforward. Syllogisms Definition: Set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from major and minor premises Two premises and a conclusion Group of statements that lead to another group of statements Logos

12. Syllogisms continued Formula: If all a are b And all b are c Then all a are c Are useful because they have potential to make audience identify more Can backfire if not utilized effectively

13. Cannons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery Invention Construction/ Development of argument. “Stockpile of information” Topics= mode of reasoning and arguments used Civic spaces= defining the parameters and limitations of your speech, “location”. Defining terms, as well.

14. Cannons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery Arrangement Organizing the speech Speech structure Introduction, Body Conclusion. Simplicity Benefits Helps keep audience attentive and on track More persuasive

15. Cannons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery Style Use of language. Word choice, word imagery and word appropriateness. Avoid= Glosses Use= Metaphors Bridges gaps of familiar and unfamiliar words.

16. Cannons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery Memory Storing information in the speaker’s mind Be comfortable with the information that you are going to present. Benefits: More conviction More fluidity to presentation More credibility

17. Cannons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery Delivery Presentation of speech Knowing what to say and when to say it Eye contact, body language, vocal pitch and speed etc. Should be natural Not easy to teach No distractions

18. Types of Rhetoric Forensic Establishing Fact Epideictic Related to praise or blame Deliberative Determine course of action

19. Forensic Rhetoric Time Period: Past Intent: To describe guilt or innocence Commonly used in: Courtrooms Essential Element: Character (status and morality) Forensic speaker needs to establish motivation for action (“moral habits”).

20. Epideictic Rhetoric Time Period: Present Intent: Praise or blame Commonly used in: Ceremonies, Funerals Essential Element: Character (Ethos) Important to understand need for praise

21. Deliberative Rhetoric* Time Period: Future Intent: To inspire, motivate or direct audience Commonly used in: Persuasion-oriented situations Essential Element: Knowing subject and elements that support persuasive attempts.

22. Communication Tradition: Rhetorical, Socio-Psychological Communication Context: Public/ Rhetorical, Small Group, Organizational, Interpersonal Approach to Knowing: Positivistic/ Empirical, Interpretive/ Hermeneutic Generality: Grand theory Integration

23. To teach all people how to effectively communicate by outlying necessary steps of the process that are implemented effectively through the elucidation of distinct types of persuasion situations that require specific tactics to be employed. Goal

24. Scope: Wide Logical consistency: Questioned Thought to be unorganized and ambiguous towards audience. I think in context, it is logical. Parsimony: Simple to understand, but challenging to perfect in the real world. Utility: Highly useful! Heurism: Highly heuristic Test of Time: Still going strong 2,500 years later  Critique

25. In Aristotle’s time, there was no question that public speaking would take place in an interpersonal, or public setting. Now with technology, this option has changed. People communicate rhetoric and public speaking through skype, conference calls and other forms of technology. What are the benefits and what are the factors that detract from how technology has impacted rhetoric? Which method do you find most appealing and more appropriate? Discussion

26. I belong to a club called LDP Every meeting, it is a tradition that one member is randomly selected to do a two minute speech in front of the entire club A couple of weeks ago, I was selected. At first I felt nervous because I didn’t know what to say. I knew I had to think quickly so I decided to do a topic that was close to heart. My Experience

27. My Experience Continued I am the formal chair and had been planning an off-campus formal. We needed 50 people to attend and only 12 people paid by the time it was a week before the due date. This was the perfect opportunity to persuade people to come!

28. Before I started speaking, I considered the audience. LDP members love inspirational quotes, so I started off my speech with one. Also, I knew that everyone in the room was an college student that believes in what LDP stands for. During my speech, I used specific references and examples that were relatable to my audience Being college students, I talked about close to home aspects throughout my speech(pathos) How my quote relates to life, how time flies, how you have to take advantage of every opportunity and how we all work so hard and deserve to have fun. Assumptions I Utilized

29. I also talked about how hard my committee worked, how much time we put in, how specialized the formal was to LDP and how much better it would be than the one we had in the fall (ethos). In addition, I mentioned what a good deal the ticket prices were compared to other formals and how much money we raised to lower the ticket prices. I also mentioned how rare of an opportunity this was and how much they would miss out if they chose not to come. I mentioned all the features of the formal, as well (logos) Assumptions I Utilized continued

30. Invention: I quickly thought about what I wanted to talk about and I chose the topic of Formal. Arrangement: I knew it was important to captivate my audience’s attention, so I started off with a quote. Then instead of confusing the audience by jumping into something else, I explained the quote and began talking about the close to home points I had. Then I chose to incorporate Formal information, as a way to counteract the close to home points I described. Finally I closed by telling the group that they deserved it and that they would miss out if they didn’t come. My use of the 5 Cannons in 2 Minutes

31. Style: I chose to be inspirational and informative, rather than condescending or authoritative; I knew that would not be effective. Memory: I felt very comfortable with the information, even though I was under the element of surprise. Delivery: I kept my body language simple, but centered; I used it to emphasize my points. I also tried to make eye contact with every single person in the room. In addition, I spoke as quickly as I could without sacrificing clarity. 5 Cannons Continued

32. Type of Rhetoric: Deliberative I was trying to get my fellow members to try to participate in a fun event. Very audience oriented speech. Success: I motivated 18 more people to buy tickets within a week. Then we had 10 people who were going to pay. We still didn’t have enough people though, so formal had to be cancelled . My speech was effective, but not to the scale that I desired. Overall