3. Roots and Coefficients
For P x ax n bx n 1 cx n 2
b
a (sum of roots, 1 at a time i.e. )
4. Roots and Coefficients
For P x ax n bx n 1 cx n 2
b
a (sum of roots, 1 at a time i.e. )
c
(sum of roots, 2 at a time i.e. )
a
5. Roots and Coefficients
For P x ax n bx n 1 cx n 2
b
a (sum of roots, 1 at a time i.e. )
c
(sum of roots, 2 at a time i.e. )
a
d
a (sum of roots, 3 at a time i.e. )
6. Roots and Coefficients
For P x ax n bx n 1 cx n 2
b
a (sum of roots, 1 at a time i.e. )
c
(sum of roots, 2 at a time i.e. )
a
d
a (sum of roots, 3 at a time i.e. )
e
a (sum of roots, 4 at a time)
7. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
8. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
9. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
This can be generalised to;
10. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
This can be generalised to;
2
2
2
11. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
This can be generalised to;
2
2
1
2
(order 2)
12. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
This can be generalised to;
2
2
2
1
(order 2)
(order 3)
13. We have already seen that for ax 2 bx c;
2 2 2 2
and
1 1
This can be generalised to;
2
2
2
1
(order 2)
(order 3)
(order 4)
38. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
39. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
40. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
41. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
42. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d x ki x ki x 2 px q
43. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d x ki x ki x 2 px q
x 2 k 2 x 2 px q
x 4 px 3 qx 2 k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
x 4 px 3 q k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
44. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d x ki x ki x 2 px q
x 2 k 2 x 2 px q
x 4 px 3 qx 2 k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
x 4 px 3 q k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
p a (1) q k 2 b (2) k 2 p c (3) k 2 q d (4)
45. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d x ki x ki x 2 px q
x 2 k 2 x 2 px q
x 4 px 3 qx 2 k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
x 4 px 3 q k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
p a (1) q k 2 b (2) k 2 p c (3) k 2 q d (4)
Substitute (1) into (3)
46. (ii) (1996)
Consider the polynomial equation x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0
where a, b, c and d are all integers.
Suppose the equation has a root of the form ki, where k is real
and k 0
a) State why the conjugate –ki is also a root.
Roots appear in conjugate pairs when the coefficients are real.
b) Show that c k 2 a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d x ki x ki x 2 px q
x 2 k 2 x 2 px q
x 4 px 3 qx 2 k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
x 4 px 3 q k 2 x 2 k 2 px k 2 q
p a (1) q k 2 b (2) k 2 p c (3) k 2 q d (4)
k 2a c
Substitute (1) into (3)
48. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
49. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
50. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
bk 2 k 4 d
51. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
bk 2 k 4 d
bc c 2
2 d
a a
52. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
bk 2 k 4 d
bc c 2
2 d
a a
c
( k 2 )
a
53. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
bk 2 k 4 d
bc c 2
2 d
a a
abc c 2 a 2 d
c
( k 2 )
a
54. c) Show that c 2 a 2 d abc
Using (2); q b k 2
Sub into (4); k 2 b k 2 d
bk 2 k 4 d
bc c 2
2 d
a a
abc c 2 a 2 d
c 2 a 2 d abc
c
( k 2 )
a
55. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
56. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
57. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
58. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
59. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
60. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
61. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
c 2a
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
62. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
c 2a
c 2M
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
63. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
c 2a
c 2 M and a are both integers, M is an integer
64. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
c 2a
c 2M
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
and a are both integers, M is an integer
Thus c is an even number, as it is divisible by 2
65. d) If 2 is also a root of the equation, and b = 0, show that c is even.
Let be the 4th root
As the other three roots are integer multiples, and the product of
the roots is an integer;
is an integer
ki ki 2 ki 2ki ki ki 2 b
From c) c k 2 a
c 2a
c 2M
k 2 2 0
k 2 2
and a are both integers, M is an integer
Thus c is an even number, as it is divisible by 2
Patel: Exercise 5D; 1 to 9