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Trig Substitutions
Trig Substitutions
  a2  x2   use x  a tan 
Trig Substitutions
  a2  x2   use x  a tan 

  a2  x2   use x  a sin  or x  a cos
Trig Substitutions
  a2  x2   use x  a tan 

  a2  x2   use x  a sin  or x  a cos

  x2  a2   use x  a sec
1
e.g. i           dx
             a x
              2   2
1
e.g. i           dx
             a x
              2   2
1
e.g. i          dx         x  a tan 
          a x
           2     2


             a sec 2 d      dx  a sec 2 d
         2
            a  a 2 tan 2 
1
e.g. i             dx        x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d      dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2
              a sec 2 
          secd
1
e.g. i             dx           x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d         dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2
              a sec 2 
          secd

         logsec  tan    c
1
e.g. i             dx               x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d             dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2                                      a2  x2
              a sec 2             x
          secd
                                                  
         logsec  tan    c
                                              a
1
e.g. i             dx               x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d             dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2                                      a2  x2
              a sec 2             x
          secd
                                                  
         logsec  tan    c
                                              a
              a2  x2 x 
         log
                        c
                 a        a
1
e.g. i             dx                       x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d                     dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2                                              a2  x2
              a sec 2                     x
          secd
                                                          
         logsec  tan    c
                                                      a
              a2  x2 x 
         log
                        c
                 a        a
                               
          log a 2  x 2  x  log a  c
1
e.g. i             dx                       x  a tan 
            a x
             2      2


               a sec 2 d                     dx  a sec 2 d
         2
              a  a 2 tan 2 
            a sec 2 d
         2                                              a2  x2
              a sec 2                     x
          secd
                                                          
         logsec  tan    c
                                                      a
              a2  x2 x 
         log
                        c
                 a        a
                              
          log a 2  x 2  x  log a  c

          log   a2  x2    x  c
x
ii           dx
         1 x 2
x
ii           dx   x  sin 
         1 x 2

                     dx  cosd
x
ii            dx          x  sin 
          1 x 2


            sin  cosd     dx  cosd
         
               1  sin 2 
x
ii          dx        x  sin 
      1 x  2


        sin  cosd     dx  cosd
     
           1  sin 2 
        sin  cosd
     
              cos 2 
           sin d
x
ii          dx        x  sin 
      1 x  2


        sin  cosd     dx  cosd
     
           1  sin 2 
        sin  cosd
     
              cos 2 
           sin d

           cos  c
x
ii          dx        x  sin 
      1 x  2


        sin  cosd     dx  cosd
     
           1  sin 2 
        sin  cosd
                              1
              cos 2     x
           sin d
                                     
           cos  c        1 x2
x
ii          dx        x  sin 
      1 x  2


        sin  cosd     dx  cosd
     
           1  sin 2 
        sin  cosd
                              1
              cos 2     x
           sin d
                                     
           cos  c        1 x2
           1 x2  c
 iii     x 2  3dx
 iii     x 2  3dx   x  3 tan 
                        dx  3 sec 2  d
 iii     x 2  3dx                    x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d   dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
 iii     x 2  3dx                    x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d   dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d

   3 sec sec 2  d
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
    3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
    3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d

    3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3 sec
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec              
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
    3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d

    3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3 sec

    3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan  
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec               
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
    3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d

    3sec tan   3 sec  d  3 sec
                               3                                       x2  3
                                                          x
    3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan                   
                                                                   3
 iii     x 2  3dx                          x  3 tan 
         3 sec               
                          3 sec 2  d         dx  3 sec 2  d
    3 sec3  d
                                          u  sec             v  tan 
   3 sec sec 2  d
                                         du  sec tan  d   dv  sec 2  d
    3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d

    3sec tan   3 sec  d  3 sec
                               3                                       x2  3
                                                          x
    3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan                   
                                                                   3
      x 3 x2                     x 3 x     2
   3          x  3dx  3log 
                   2
                                         
        3   3                       3   3
                                         
 x2  3 x 
 2   x  3dx  x x  3  3log 
        2          2
                                          c
                                   3     3
                                          
 x2  3 x 
 2   x  3dx  x x  3  3log 
        2          2
                                          c
                                   3     3
                                          
                   x x2  3 3     x2  3 x 
      x 2  3dx 
                      2
                            log 
                            2       3
                                           c
                                           3
                                           
 x2  3 x 
 2   x  3dx  x x  3  3log 
        2           2
                                          c
                                   3     3
                                          
                   x x2  3 3     x2  3 x 
      x 2  3dx 
                      2
                            log 
                            2       3
                                           c
                                           3
                                           


      x 2  3dx 
                   x x2  3 3
                      2
                            log
                            2
                                               
                                       x2  3  x  c
 x2  3 x 
 2    x  3dx  x x  3  3log 
         2             2
                                           c
                                    3     3
                                           
                    x x2  3 3     x2  3 x 
       x 2  3dx 
                       2
                             log 
                             2       3
                                            c
                                            3
                                            


       x 2  3dx 
                    x x2  3 3
                       2
                             log
                             2
                                                 
                                         x2  3  x  c




       Exercise 2E; 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 20

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X2 t04 05 trig substitutions (2012)

  • 2. Trig Substitutions a2  x2 use x  a tan 
  • 3. Trig Substitutions a2  x2 use x  a tan  a2  x2 use x  a sin  or x  a cos
  • 4. Trig Substitutions a2  x2 use x  a tan  a2  x2 use x  a sin  or x  a cos x2  a2 use x  a sec
  • 5. 1 e.g. i  dx a x 2 2
  • 6. 1 e.g. i  dx a x 2 2
  • 7. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2 
  • 8. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a sec 2    secd
  • 9. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a sec 2    secd  logsec  tan    c
  • 10. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a2  x2 a sec 2  x   secd   logsec  tan    c a
  • 11. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a2  x2 a sec 2  x   secd   logsec  tan    c a  a2  x2 x   log   c  a a
  • 12. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a2  x2 a sec 2  x   secd   logsec  tan    c a  a2  x2 x   log   c  a a    log a 2  x 2  x  log a  c
  • 13. 1 e.g. i  dx x  a tan  a x 2 2 a sec 2 d dx  a sec 2 d  2 a  a 2 tan 2  a sec 2 d  2 a2  x2 a sec 2  x   secd   logsec  tan    c a  a2  x2 x   log   c  a a    log a 2  x 2  x  log a  c  log a2  x2  x  c
  • 14. x ii  dx 1 x 2
  • 15. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 dx  cosd
  • 16. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 sin  cosd dx  cosd  1  sin 2 
  • 17. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 sin  cosd dx  cosd  1  sin 2  sin  cosd  cos 2    sin d
  • 18. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 sin  cosd dx  cosd  1  sin 2  sin  cosd  cos 2    sin d   cos  c
  • 19. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 sin  cosd dx  cosd  1  sin 2  sin  cosd  1 cos 2  x   sin d    cos  c 1 x2
  • 20. x ii  dx x  sin  1 x 2 sin  cosd dx  cosd  1  sin 2  sin  cosd  1 cos 2  x   sin d    cos  c 1 x2   1 x2  c
  • 21.  iii   x 2  3dx
  • 22.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan  dx  3 sec 2  d
  • 23.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d
  • 24.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d  3 sec sec 2  d
  • 25.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d
  • 26.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d
  • 27.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3 sec
  • 28.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3 sec  3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan  
  • 29.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec  d  3 sec 3 x2  3 x  3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan    3
  • 30.  iii   x 2  3dx x  3 tan    3 sec   3 sec 2  d dx  3 sec 2  d  3 sec3  d u  sec v  tan   3 sec sec 2  d du  sec tan  d dv  sec 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec tan 2  d  3sec tan   3 sec  d  3 sec 3 x2  3 x  3sec tan   3 sec3  d  3log  sec  tan    3 x 3 x2  x 3 x  2 3    x  3dx  3log  2   3 3  3 3  
  • 31.  x2  3 x   2 x  3dx  x x  3  3log  2 2  c  3 3  
  • 32.  x2  3 x   2 x  3dx  x x  3  3log  2 2  c  3 3   x x2  3 3  x2  3 x   x 2  3dx  2  log  2  3  c 3  
  • 33.  x2  3 x   2 x  3dx  x x  3  3log  2 2  c  3 3   x x2  3 3  x2  3 x   x 2  3dx  2  log  2  3  c 3    x 2  3dx  x x2  3 3 2  log 2   x2  3  x  c
  • 34.  x2  3 x   2 x  3dx  x x  3  3log  2 2  c  3 3   x x2  3 3  x2  3 x   x 2  3dx  2  log  2  3  c 3    x 2  3dx  x x2  3 3 2  log 2   x2  3  x  c Exercise 2E; 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 20