1. HISTORIA Y CULTURA
24/09/2012
-Why does history matter?
-What is history?
-What is it used for?
Awareness of a common history.
Combination of History and Culture is what gives people indentity. Who they
are and where they come from.
(Barcelona 1992- Juan Carlos spoke in Catalán. For foreigners this detail was
insignificant, but for Spanish people this was important. Tensional clash).
Culture is food, music, traditions, religion…but, on the other hand, History
means everything and nothing; it is one of the most difficult terms in English.
History meaning has changed over the centuries. But they still remain today,
paralelly. As the centuries advanced, culture came to include in its meaning a
culturation of the mind.
Towards the 18th century, culture came to be understood as the country of
primitiveness of barbarism. It came more close to the meaning of civilization,
development of society.
Quotation 3: back to the 1930s, extract of Frank Levis’s work.
Traditions that lounged on M. Arnold.

2. In 1870, state elementary education was made compulsory in M. Arnold
became one of the first school inspectors. He started writing about what he saw and
what he experienced. He wrote “Culture and Anarchy”.
He divides society in three groups: Aristocracy, middle class and working class.
-Aristocracy: they are barbarians and useless. They did nothing for society.
-Middle class: they act by their own. Philistines. He was critical, but they were his
hope.
-Working class: popular.
Middle classes should preserve the culture of society. This is the tradition that Frank
followed, written by Mathew.
In Levis’ definition Culture would correspond to highculture (opera, ballet…),
only appreciated by educated people. This was something denied by working classes
(they were uneducated).
Defenders of highculture standed for values, standards, principles…They were
championing their own identities. Class base identity in Levis’ definition.
Popular culture was pure entertainment.
The founder of cultural studies, Raimon Williams, taught night lessons for older
people who worked during the day.
No nation culture appears from one particular class.
Since the 16th century British culture has experimented a split between two
streams of the social classes.

3. Upper classes were wealthy, they have an easy life. They are taller, fatter, healthier
than lower classes. The richer you were the more you lived at night.
In the 19th century, one of the more expensive products was candles. Lower
class had one.
They lived in different tempos too.
In the 20th century this gap between classes began to get closer. After the war
British began an age of prosperity. The radio began to spread the same culture to all
and also TV high culture was made familiar to all classes.
The BBC1 made adaptations of famous plays and novels. Cinemas also, but, in
fact were TV and radio which reinforced what cinema had done.
25/09/2012
The elitist tradition (Frank R. Levis) was changed at the 60s.
Culture is, and can be, anything from values folk national identity. R. Williams
also introduced touninging, motorcars, the stock exchange, London transport…
The aim of his ideas was including working class, is what culture is made of.
Culture is what intermixes social-economic conditions. The product of a given set of
economic, political and subjective view of individuals under certain circunstances.
 BRITAIN
Islands close to the EU mainlandmap
Instead of being an island, it was once joined to the continent. It was a
continuation or France. So, Thames was a continuation of the Sena.

4. There were mamuth, reindeer, horses…Were found Prehistoric bones of
animals around Scotland. Huge animals that existed at the time.
During the last Ice Age, the climate started to improve and the ice that covered
everything melted and started to ________ towards the North.
The ice was replaced of all kind of flora and fauna, Warm weather, vegetation…
It was not the natural habitat for those animals, so they started to move, and hunting
men as well. This is how civilization in Britain started.
If they would returned to the South, they would have found water. The channel
was a plain but with the melted ice, it became water.
We can find two distinct geographical units, islands. If our camera focus make
zoom them countries began to appear, and then towns, districts, streets…
Geographically speaking in the North coast of Europe there are two islands the
Brities. The largest is Great Britain and the next is Ireland.
The Brities isles does not refer all the inhabitants living there. There is a name
more precise: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and, on the
other hand, the Republic of Ireland, wich was independent in 1937.
Some of this islands have some political differences. The three little islands,
Mann, Jersey and Guernsey (these last ones belong to the Channel Islands) are and are
not part of England. They have their own political system. They don’t depend of the
British parlament. So Crown dependence is the only link. Lieutenant governor
appointed by the British Parlament. He acts as a kind of diplomatic between the crown
dependency and the Parlament.
The isle of Wight, is considered part of Britain.

5. Potitically speaking, there are two nations:
-Ireland: The Republic of Ireland (Eire) or the Republic.
-The United Kingdom of Great Britain an North Ireland or the United Kingdom.
In other contexts it is refered as Great Britain. This term is used in writing and
speaking language, and the adjective usually used is “british”.
The idea we have of Britain, fomented and spread by the British Council,
tourism and media, is:
1) On one hand, Britain is an island that has been unconquered forever.
(In 1066 The Battle of Hesting).
Norman forces under WilliamII, The Conquered, conquered England.
It marks the last times of foreign invader. No other foreign force has been able
to conquer the land.
2) On the other hand, Britain is seen by its inhabitants as a rural country, but also
as the first industrial power in the world.
3) British relies in its great imperior past. Kind of nostalgic looking back, country’s
great heritage.
This is what is sold abroad.
Films like “Chariots of fire”, “A passage to India” or “Jane Austen” contain visual
representations focus on the light of white high class aristocratic people who live in
mansions, speak English and whose manners are perfect. But, obviously, it does not
represent present reality.
There are many immigration, so it is clearly a multicultural society. But the
problem is that they cannot accept their cannon of society.
Traditional Britain
-Most of the population lived in English countryside but, in 19th century, with
the Industrial Revolution many people became urban.

6.  GEOLOGICAL
There was a change of climate at the end of the last Ice Age wich made ice
melted.
____ to the warm climate, before becoming an island, it was a huge forest with
a rich vegetation, because of the humidity and the fertile ground.
As a consequence of this richness the floor was hidden from the sun. This is the
reason why Britain was so rich in coal (carbón), which was fundamental for the
Industrial Revolution.
In autumn ___ fall off trees. Pinetrees. Every year these _______ never saw the
sun, fall on humid ground, so they rocked by hundreds of years. This is the origin of the
enormous coal resources. And not only coal, but also petroleum (oil).
North sea oilbeds which are so fundamental even also in recent history.
It was self-sufficient in petrol production.
At the end of the 17th century, industrialization was in its beginning.
At that time the small better enterprises, the only source of heat, energy was
the burning of wood. In order to keep the furnace is going enormous amounts of wood
had to be burnt
Factories of the time where placed near wood forests. Outside urban areas
close to its basic necessity.
Into the first half of the 17th century, isolated.
At the end, in 18th Century discovered water power.
Towards the end 18th century, steam power. Where coal became so important.
Prime energy. Production of coal ______ machines or engines invented in the 19th
century: the locomotive and the steam boat.
The new foundries needed steampower it is the intense companion of coal, in
the smelting conversion of hierro into acero.
Central consequences in production making, we’ll say that:

7. 1) Revolution came as a conseg. of a combination of…
2) Revolution in peoples lives if a new develp. Capitalist mentaly.
New capitalist profit making encouraged workers.