Gramma

Choose the best answer
1. Mary: "I went skiing."
Jill: "Mary said (that) she ___ skiing.“
a. went
b. had gone
c. have gone
2. Mary: "I will eat steak for dinner.“
Jill: "Mary said (that) she ___ eat steak for dinner.“
a. willing
b. will
c. would

3. Mary: "I have been to Sydney."
Jill: "Mary said (that) she ___ to Sydney.“
a. had been
b. has been
c. was being
4. Mary: "I'm going to go to Long Beach.”
Jill: "Mary said (that) she ___ going to go to Long Beach.“
a. is
b. was
c. went
5. Mary: "I won't buy a new car.“
Jill: "Mary said (that) she ___ by a new car."
a. won't
b. Will
c. wouldn't

Complete the sentences in reported speech.
6. John said, "I love this town."
John said that______________________.
7. "Are you sure?" He asked me.
He asked me______________________.
8. "I can't drive a lorry," he said.
He said that______________________.
9. "Be nice to your brother," he said.
He asked me______________________.
10. "Don't be nasty," he said.
He urged me______________________.

Quoted Speech repeats the exact words that someone said. A
comma follows the verb in the main clause, and the quoted speech
is placed inside quoted marks.
(quoted Speech พูดซ้ำคำเดิมทั้งหมดที่บำงคนพูดไว้คอมมำ (,) ตำมหลังกริยำในประโยคหลัก และ
quoted speech ถูกแทนที่ในเครื่องหมำยคำพูด “…………..”)
Reported Speech uses a noun clause to paraphrase what someone
said. It is not necessary to repeat the exact words, and quotation
marks are not used.
(reported Speech ใช้ประโยคคำนำมเพื่อถอดควำมว่ำใครบำงคนพูดอะไรไว้ไม่จำเป็ นต้องพูดซ้ำด้วยคำเดิมๆ
ทั้งหมด และไม่ใช้เครื่องหมำยอ้ำงคำพูด)

Quoted Speech Reported Speech
My mother said,
“Gossiping is a bad
habit”.
(แม่ของฉันกล่าวว่า การนินทาเป็นนิสัยที่
ไม่ดี)
My mother said (that)
gossiping was a bad
habit.
(แม่ของฉันกล่าวว่า การนินทาเป็นนิสัยที่
ไม่ดี)
He said, “Mark
cheated on the test”.
(เขาพูดว่า มาร์คโกงข้อสอบ)
He said (that) Mark
had cheated on the
test.
(เขาพูดว่า มาร์คโกงข้อสอบ)
Present
Past
Past
Past Perfect

In reported speech, if the reporting verb in the main clause is in
the past tense, the tense of the verb in the noun clause generally
moves back one tense
(ใน Reported speech ถ้ำ reporting verb ในประโยคหลักอยู่ในอดีต tenseของกริยำในประโยคคำนำมโดยปรกติ
จะถอยกลับไปหนึ่ง tense)
Quoted Speech Reported Speech
She said, “He likes gossip”.
Present
คู่กับ She said (that) He liked gossip.
Past
She said, “He is gossiping”.
Present Con
คู่กับ She said (that) He was gossiping.
Past Con
She said, “He was gossiping all
day”.
Past Con
คู่กับ She said (that) He had been
gossiping all day”.
Past perfect Con
However, there are some exceptions to the Rule of the Sequence of Tenses:
(อย่ำงไรก็ตำม มีข้อยกเว้นบำงอย่ำงเพื่อเป็ นกฎของเหตุกำรณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นตำมลำดับเวลำของ Tense)

1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, present
perfect, or future, the noun clause verb doesn’t change
tense. (ถ้ำ Reporting verb อยู่ใน present tense, present perfect, หรือ
future ประโยคคำนำม กริยำไม่เปลี่ยน tense)
She says (that) gossiping is mean.
(เธอพูดว่ำ กำรนินทำเป็ นสิ่งร้ำยกำจ)
2. If the noun clause states a fact or general truth, the present
tense can (but doesn’t have to) be retained.
(ถ้ำประโยคคำนำมแสดงควำมจริงหรือถูกต้องอย่ำงแท้จริง Present tense สำมำรถ (แต่ไม่จำเป็ นต้อง) ถูก
ผูกขำด)
The psychologist said that it is human nature to enjoy
hearing about scandal.
(นักจิตวิทยำพูดว่ำมันเป็ นธรรมชำติของมนุษย์ที่สนุกกับกำรได้ยินเรื่องอื้อฉำว)

3. When the action that the reported speech refers to
has not happened yet, either will or would can be used.
(เมื่อกำรกระทำที่ Reported speech อ้ำงอิงถึงเหตุกำรณ์ที่ยังไม่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ will ก็ would
สำมำรถถูกใช้ได้)
Our teacher said that the mid-term exam will (or
would) be given next week.
(พวกคุณครูพูดว่ำจะให้สอบมิดเทอมสัปดำห์หน้ำ)
4. The modals should, might, should have, could have, and
must have do not change form in reported speech.
(รูปแบบ should, might, should have, could have, and must have ไม่เปลี่ยน
รูปแบบใน reported speech)
“You should keep your mouth
closed”.
I said that she should keep her
mouth closed.
(คุณควรปิ ดปำกให้สนิท) (ฉันพูดว่ำเธอควรปิ ดปำกให้สนิท)

5. An imperative is changed to an infinitive, and tell is used
as the reporting verb.
(คำสั่งถูกเปลี่ยนเป็ นรูปกริยำที่มี to นำหน้ำและทำหน้ำที่เป็ นนำมและ tell ถูกใช้เป็ น reporting
verb)
“Don’t spread that rumor”. She told me not to spread that
rumor.
(อย่ำแพร่กระจำยข่ำวลือนั่น) (เธอบอกฉันว่ำอย่ำแพร่กระจำยข่ำวลือนั่น)

Noun Clause Beginning with Whether or If
To report yes/no question, whether or if is used to
introduce the noun clause. Ask (not say or tell) is used as
reporting verb.
(เพื่อกล่ำวถึงYes/No question whether หรือ ifถูกใช้เพื่อแนะนำประโยคคำนำม ในกำรถำมsay หรือ
tellไม่ถูกใช้เป็ นreporting verb)
Jane asked, “Is the rumor true?” Jane asked me if the rumor was true.
(เจนถำมว่ำ ข่ำวลือเป็ นจริงหรอ)
He asked, “Are you spreading
rumors?”
He asked her whether she was
spreading rumors.
(เขำถำมว่ำ เธอได้แพร่ข่ำวลือหรือป่ ำว)

Choose the best answer
1. Jill: Mary said (that) she (b) had gone skiing.
2. Jill: Mary said (that) she (c) would eat steak for dinner.
3. Jill: Mary said (that) she (b) had been to Sydney.
4. Jill: Mary said (that) she (b) was going to go to Long Beach.
5. Jill: Mary said (that) she (c) wouldn't by a new car.
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
6. John said that he loved that town.
7. He asked me if / whether I liked soccer.
8. He said that he couldn't drive a lorry.
9. He asked me to be nice to my brother.
10. He urged me not to be nasty.

Combining Sentences with which, who, in which, of which, whose, whom...
Given a list of relative pronouns, find the appropriate one(s) that would go
with each sentence.
1. The dress ____ the movie star is wearing weighs about fifty pounds.
a. whom
b. that
c. why
d. Which
2. February, which is the second month of the year, is the month ____ many of
my colleagues take vacation for skiing.
a. Which
b. When
c. in which
d. where

3. The family ____ house was decorated the most beautifully for the holidays
will receive a trophy.
a. which
b. whose
c. whom
d. Why
4. He likes shopping between one and three o'clock, ____ most people are at
work.
a. when
b. which
c. during which
d. Where
5. The researchers are doing case studies of people ____ families have a
history of high blood pressure and heart disease.
a. when
b. that
c. why
d. whose

Combine the two sentences to make one, using an adjective
clause.
6. He was sitting in the emergency room. It was very crowded.
(which)
7. That's the book. Everyone is reading it. (that)
8. The car has a bad engine. I bought it last month. (that)
Underline the adjective clauses
9. The forest through which we travelled was dark and gloomy.
10. He has a brilliant son who is certain to bring credit to his
family.

Where is used to modify a place in an adjective clause. Where
cannot be omitted.
(Where ถูกใช้เพื่อระบุสถานที่ใน Adjective clause (Whereไม่สามารถถูกละทิ้งได้)
Last year I visited the city where Moctezum’s treasure is
said to be buried.
(ปีที่แล้วฉันไปเที่ยวเมืองที่ถูกกล่าวว่าเป็นที่ๆสมบัติMoctezum ถูกซ่อนไว้)
There are alternatives to using where in an adjective clause.
Where can be replaced by:
(มีตัวเลือกอื่นๆเพื่อใช้where ในadjective clause (Whereสามารถถูกแทนที่โดย)
1)preposition + which
Last year I visited the city in which Moctezum’s treasure is said
to be buried.
2)That/which + preposition
Last year I visited the city that Moctezum’s treasure is said to
be buried in.

When is used to modify a noun or time in an adjective clause.
When can be omitted
(When ถูกใช้เพื่อระบุคานามหรือเวลาในadjective clause (Whenสามารถถูกละทิ้งได้)
Last Monday was the day (when) I found a $ 100 bill on the
street.
(วันจันทร์ที่แล้วเป็นวันที่ฉันเจอเงิน100 ดอสล่าห์บนถนน)
There are alternatives to using when in an adjective clause. When
can be replaced by:
(มีตัวเลือกอื่นๆเพื่อใช้ when ใน adjective clause (when สามารถถูกแทนที่โดย)
1) That (that can also be omitted)
Last Monday was the day (that) I found a $ 100 bill on the street.
2) Preposition + which
Last Monday was the day on which I found a $ 100 bill on the
street.

Using Whose in Adjective Clauses
Whose is the possessive from of who. It can stand for his, her, its, and
their, and is always used before a noun. Whose cannot be omitted.
(Whoseเป็ นกำรแสดงควำมเป็ นเจ้ำของจำกรูปของWhoมันสำมำรถแทนได้ทั้งhis her itsและ their และถูกใช้ก่อนคำนำม
เสมอWhose ไม่สำมำรถละทิ้งได้)
There are people whose lives are spent looking for ancient object.
(มีผู้คนที่มีชีวิตอยู่ใช้เวลำค้นหำโบรำณวัตถุ)
Whose can be either the subject or the object of an adjective clause.
(Whose สำมำรถเป็ นได้ทั้งประธำนและกรรมของ Adjective clause
Blackbeard is a pirate. His story is the most interesting to me.
Blackbeard is a pirate whose story is the most interesting to me.
(แบล็กเบิร์ดเป็ นโจรสลัด เรำของเขำฉันสนใจมำกที่สุด)
The man was very happy. I found his wallet.
(เขำดีใจมำก ฉันเจอกระเป๋ ำตังของเขำ)
The man whose wallet I found was very happy. (Whose is the Subject)
(ฉันเจอกระเป๋ ำตังของเขำ เขำดีใจมำก)

Combining Sentences with which, who, in which, of which, whose, whom...
Given a list of relative pronouns, find the appropriate one(s) that would go
with each sentence.
1. The dress (b)that/(d)Which the movie star is wearing weighs about fifty
pounds.
2. February, which is the second month of the year, is the month (b)When/
(c) in which many of my colleagues take vacation for skiing.
3. The family (b)whose house was decorated the most beautifully for the
holidays will receive a trophy.
4. He likes shopping between one and three o'clock, (a)when/(c) during which
most people are at work.
5. The researchers are doing case studies of people (d)whose families have a
history of high blood pressure and heart disease.
Combine the two sentences to make one, using an adjective clause.
6. He was sitting in the emergency room, which was very crowded.
7. That's the book that everyone is reading.
8. The car that I bought last month has a bad engine.
Underline the adjective clauses
The forest through which we travelled was dark and gloomy.
He has a brilliant son who is certain to bring credit to his family.

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