Our “genes” are not fixed: “Plasticity” of the genotype by epigenetic mechanisms => important for the phenotypic impact of nutrition.
• Histone and DNA modifications have impact on gene transcription efficiency. Methylation (more stable) and acetylation (more flexible) have impact on chromatin
structures.
• Epigenetic modifications have impact on offspring, embryo development, ageing and disease development or prevention => example: Dutch Hunger Winter.
Health status of future parents are very important for the future health of children.
Early healthy nutrition & lifestyle essential for successful healthy life & “ageing”.
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Short intro epigenetics & nutrigenomics& the early impact of nutrition
1. Epigenetica – de invloed van voedingsstoffen op genexpressie Michael MüllerNetherlands Nutrigenomics Centre & Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics GroupDivision of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University
12. Molecular mechanisms that mediate epigenetic phenomena DNA methylation (CpGdinucleotides) Histone modifications
13. Epigenetic inheritance In somatic cells, epigenetic information is replicated during mitosis along with the DNA sequence. The mechanism for replication of DNA methylation is well understood but the mechanism for replication of histone modifications is not.
19. Extensive epidemiologic studies have suggested that adult disease risk is associated with adverse environmental conditions early in development. Although the mechanisms behind these relationships are unclear, an involvement of epigenetic dysregulation has been hypothesized. Here we show that individuals who were prenatally exposed to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter in 1944–45 had, 6 decades later, less DNA methylation of the imprinted IGF2 gene compared with their unexposed, same-sex siblings. The association was specific for periconceptional exposure, reinforcing that very early mammalian development is a crucial period for establishing and maintaining epigenetic marks. These data are the first to contribute empirical support for the hypothesis thatearly-life environmental conditions can cause epigenetic changes in humans that persist throughout life. => healthy nutrition of the mother is essential