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Xe is a homoatomic molecule. It contains only xenon atoms.
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Chapter1
1.
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
About Matter
2.
Chapter 1
Table of Contents 1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter 1.2 Physical States of Matter 1.3 Properties of Matter 1.4 Changes in Matter 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures 1.6Elements and Compounds 1.7Discovery and Abundance of the Elements 1.8Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements 1.9Atoms and Molecules 1.10Chemical Formulas Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2
3.
Section 1.1
Chemistry: The Study of Matter What is Chemistry? • The field of study concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3
4.
Section 1.1
Chemistry: The Study of Matter Matter • Anything that has mass and occupies space. – Mass refers to the amount of matter present in a sample. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4
5.
Section 1.1
Chemistry: The Study of Matter Matter • Includes all things – both living and nonliving Examples: plants, soil, air, bacteria • Various forms of energy such as heat, light, and electricity are not considered to be matter. • The universe is composed entirely of matter and energy. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5
6.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter • The classification of a given matter sample in terms of physical state is based on whether its shape and volume are definite or indefinite. • Matter exists in three physical states: Solid Liquid Gas Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6
7.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Examples of the Three States of Matter Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7
8.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Solid • Physical state characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8
9.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Structure of a Solid Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9
10.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Liquid • Physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and a definite volume. • Always takes the shape of its container to the extent that it fills the container. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10
11.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Structure of a Liquid Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11
12.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Gas • Physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. • Always completely fills its container, adopting both the container’s volume and its shape. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12
13.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Structure of a Gas Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13
14.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter • The state of matter observed for a particular substance depends on its: – Temperature – Surrounding pressure – Strength of the forces holding its structural particles together Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14
15.
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter Water Can Be Found in All Three States Simultaneously Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15
16.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter Property • Distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and description. • Each substance has a unique set of properties that distinguishes it from all other substances. • Two General Types: Physical Chemical Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16
17.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter Physical Property • Characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the basic identity of the substance. – Color, odor, physical state, melting point, boiling point, and hardness Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17
18.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter Concept Check To measure the boiling point of a substance, a liquid must be changed into a gas. Why is boiling point considered a physical property when a gas’ appearance is much different from that of a liquid? Although the appearance is different, the substance is still the same. It’s chemical identity has not changed. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18
19.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter Chemical Property • Characteristic of a substance that describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance. Example: copper objects turn green in air • Most often the changes result from the reaction of a substance with one or more other substances. • Sometimes energy (like heat or light) can trigger a change (decomposition). Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19
20.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter A Chemical Property of Copper Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20
21.
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter Exercise Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property. a) A marshmallow gets black when roasting it in a campfire. chemical property a) Zinc is a solid at room temperature. physical property a) When rubbing alcohol is rubbed on your skin, it evaporates very quickly. physical property Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21
22.
Section 1.4
Changes in Matter Physical Change • Process in which a substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition. • A new substance is never formed as a result of a physical change. Example: boiling or freezing water Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22
23.
Section 1.4
Changes in Matter Chemical Change • A process in which a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition. • Involves conversion of the material(s) into one or more new substances. Example: methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23
24.
Section 1.4
Changes in Matter Use of the Term Physical Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24
25.
Section 1.4
Changes in Matter Use of the Term Chemical Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25
26.
Section 1.4
Changes in Matter Concept Check Which one of the following are examples of a chemical change? Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt Burning of wood Dissolving of sugar in water Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26
27.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Pure Substances vs. Mixtures • Pure substance – a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means. Examples: water or carbon dioxide • Mixture – a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity. Example: salt water Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27
28.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Mixtures • Have variable composition Homogeneous Mixture: • Contains only one visibly distinct phase (part), which has uniform properties throughout; solution Heterogeneous Mixture: • Contains visibly different phases (parts), each of which has different properties Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28
29.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29
30.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Mixtures Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30
31.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31
32.
Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures Concept Check Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? Pure water Gasoline Jar of jelly beans Soil Copper metal Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 32
33.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Element • Element – a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means such as a chemical reaction, an electric current, heat, or a beam of light. Examples: gold, silver, copper Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33
34.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Compound • Compound – a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means. Examples: water, carbon dioxide, ammonia Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34
35.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds A Pure Substance Can Be Either An Element or Compound Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 35
36.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Compound vs. Mixture Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 36
37.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures 1) Compounds have properties distinctly different from those of the substances that combined to form the compound. The components of mixtures retain their individual properties. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 37
38.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures 1) Compounds have a definite composition. Mixtures have a variable composition. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 38
39.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures 1) Physical methods are sufficient to separate the components of a mixture. The components of a compound cannot be separated by physical methods; chemical methods are required. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 39
40.
Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds To Classify a Sample of Matter 1) Does the sample of matter have the same properties throughout? 2) Are two or more different substances present? 3) Can the pure substance be broken down into simpler substances? Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 40
41.
Section 1.7
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements • 117 known elements: 88 of the elements occur naturally 29 of the elements have been synthesized Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 41
42.
Section 1.7
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Universe Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 42
43.
Section 1.7
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Earth’s Crust Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 43
44.
Section 1.7
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Elemental Composition of the Human Body (in Atom Percent) Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 44
45.
Section 1.8
Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical Symbol • One- or two-letter designation for an element derived from the element’s name. • Two letter symbols are often, but not always, the first two letters of the element’s name. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 45
46.
Section 1.8
Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical Symbol • First letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized and the second is not: H – hydrogen Ba – barium Co – cobalt Pb – lead Ag – silver Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 46
47.
Section 1.8
Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Latin Names • For some elements, the symbol is derived from the Latin name of the element: Ag – silver Au – gold Fe – iron Pb – lead Cu – copper Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 47
48.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Atom • The smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element. • The limit of chemical subdivision. • Atoms are extremely small particles. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 48
49.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Molecule • Group of two or more atoms that functions as a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together. • The limit of physical subdivision. • Behaves in many ways as a single, distinct particle would. • Diatomic molecule – contains two atoms • Triatomic molecule – contains three atoms • Tetraatomic, pentatomic, etc. Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 49
50.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Homoatomic Molecule • Molecule in which all atoms present are of the same kind. • Substance containing homoatomic molecules must be an element. Examples: H2, O2, N2, Cl2, P4, S8 Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 50
51.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Homoatomic Molecules Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 51
52.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Heteroatomic Molecule • Molecule in which two or more kinds of atoms are present. • Substance containing heteroatomic molecules must be compounds. Examples: H2O, CO2, N2O4, C12H22O11 Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 52
53.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Heteroatomic Molecules Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 53
54.
Section 1.9
Atoms and Molecules Concept Check Classify XeF4 as: 1)diatomic, triatomic, etc. pentatomic 1)homoatomic or heteroatomic heteroatomic 1)element or compound compound Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 54
55.
Section 1.10
Chemical Formulas • A notation made up of the chemical symbols of the elements present in a compound and numerical subscripts (located to the right of each chemical symbol) that indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound. Examples: H2O – two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of oxygen Ca3(PO4)2 – three atoms of calcium, two atoms of phosphorus, eight atoms of oxygen Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 55
56.
Section 1.10
Chemical Formulas Exercise For each of the following chemical formulas, determine how many atoms of each element are present: – H2SO4 two hydrogen; one sulfur; four oxygen – Fe2(CO3)3 two iron; three carbon; nine oxygen Return to TOC Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 56
Notas del editor
Although the appearance is different, the substance is still the same. It’s chemical identity has not changed.
Chemical property Physical property Physical property
1 (burning of wood)
gasoline
Although the appearance is different, the substance is still the same. It’s chemical identity has not changed.
Chemical property Physical property Physical property
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