We are currently living in times of great transformation. We have over the last couple of decade seen the Internet become the most powerful disrupting force in the world, connecting everyone and transforming businesses. Now everyday objects - things we use are getting smart with sensors and software. And they are connecting. What does this mean? We will see the world become alive. Cars will talk to road sensors that talk to systems that guide traffic. Plants will talk to weather systems that talk to scientists that research climate change. Farming fields will talk to the farming system that talks to robots that do fertilising and harvesting. Home appliances like refrigerators, ovens, coffee machines and microwaves ovens will talk to the home food and cooking system that will inform the store that you are running out butter, cheese, laundry detergent and coffee beans, which will inform the robot driver to get this to your house after consulting your calendar upon when someone is at home. In this lecture we explore the Internet of Things, IoT.

1. LECTURE L16
INTERNET OF THINGS

3. “Some have suggested that the internet of things
“changes everything,” but that is a dangerous
oversimplification.”
- Michael E. Porter & James E. Heppelmann

4. “How is it when I hit the switch,
the light bulb comes on?”
Source: Sanjay Sarma

5. Radio Frequency Identification

6. Radio Frequency Identification
ObjectReader
The idea of using sensors to communication with objects
started as soon as Radio Frequency became understood and
harnessed

7. Classifying Sensors
By what you measure (measured)
By how you measure directly
Acoustic signal strength, or chemical concentration,
or optical signal, or magnetic strength
Mechanical displacement or voltage or chemical
reaction
By transduction for indirect measurement
Thermoelectric or photoelectric or photorealistic
By higher level function
Sensing ID or human gesture or explosive
material

8. Sensor Modality
Static time-series: temperature
2D arrays: imaging in electro optical
(light) or infrared
3D sensing: Kinect, or radar
Mobile sensors: Your phone
Scanning sensors: Google Street View
Fiducial sensing: Homing beacons

9. RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
RFID is a Radio Frequency sensing of
fiducial ID RFID tags, with static or moblie
application

10. Radio Frequency Identification
Identifying objects by using radio frequency started early
TIMELINE
1948
Backscatter
1974
Automotive
Licence
Plates
1998
DICS, Auto-ID Center
founded at MIT
2001
First Standards
Presented
2002
Gillette orders
500 million tags
2003
Wal-Mart, DoD
Mandates
2004
More mandates
2005
First bulk tagging
2010
Wal-Mart tags all
men’s innerware, socks
2013
4.1 billion EPC tags

11. RFID Hypothesis
Make the chip simple and just do identification
Place a unique number on tag
Electronic Product Code, EPS
Develop manufacturing technology
for small chips and tags
Move data to the network

13. RFID Design
Design Principles
1. Use the Cloud (put data on the Internet)
2. Hourglass architecture
Reader standard, event standard
3. All interfaces are standardised

14. Market Growth
4-5 billion Gen 2 RFID tags in 2014
Growth expected:
Healthcare expected $5 billion by 2022
Total market expected $15 billion by 2022

15. Retail:
- Store front
- Backroom
- Supply chain
Supply Chain
- Pallets
- Cases
- Containers
- Cages and totes
Medical:
- Staff
- Patients
- Equipment
- Pharma
Transportation
- Baggage
- Vehicle/tolls
- Containers
Other:
- Agriculture
- Livestock
- Construction
- Passports
- Posts
- Archiving
- Books
- Tickets
- …
Source: MIT
RFID Application

17. The average U.S. household has 300,000
things, from paper clips to ironing boards

18. The next revolution has started
Everyday object get sensors and software and
connect to the internet

19. Connecting Products
IT is now integral part of the product themselves
Embedded sensors, processors, software, and
connectivity in products, coupled with a product cloud in
which product data is stored and analyzed and some
applications are run, are driving dramatic improvements
in product functionality and performance.
Source: HBR

22. Mainframe
1947
Minicomputer
1965
PC
1981 1995
Internet Smartphone
2007
The Shortening Waves

23. Adjacent Possible

24. The Impact of the Smartphone
Smartphone revolution starts 2007
Contains multiple of sensors
Barometer to sense air pressure and relative elevation
Accelerometer to measure distance by walking or
running
Gyroscope to measure orientation
Information spillover

25. Processors and sensors
Processors and sensors are now widely available and
cheap
Examples Raspberry pi computer, Arduino

27. By 2020 a cumulative 100 billion processors
will have been shipped, each capable of
processing information and communicating
(Source: Ericsson)

28. Things get connected

29. Physical components comprise the product’s mechanical and
electrical parts
Smart components comprise the sensors, microprocessors,
data storage, controls, software, and, typically, an embedded
operating system and enhanced user interface
Connectivity components comprise the ports, antennae, and
protocols enabling wired or wireless connections with the
product
Smart Connected Things

30. Connectivity takes three forms, which can be present together:
One-to-one: An individual product connects to the user, the
manufacturer, or another product through a port or other
interface
One-to-many: A central system is continuously or intermittently
connected to many products simultaneously
Many-to-many: Multiple products connect to many other types
of products and often also to external data sources
Connectivity

31. Product
Things can be anything
Source: HBR

32. 1. Product
Source: HBR

33. 1. Product
2. Smart product
Processors
Sensors
Software
Source: HBR

34. 1. Product
2. Smart product
Processors
Sensors
Software
3. Smart connected product
Processors
Sensors
Software
Source: HBR

35. 1. Product
2. Smart product
Processors
Sensors
Software
3. Smart connected product
Processors
Sensors
Software
Source: HBR
Farm
equipment
system
Planters
Tillers
Tractors
Combine
harvesters
4. Ecosystem

36. Source: HBR
System of systems
Products become
part of large
ecosystems

38. Between 2013 and 2022, $14.4 trillion of value (net profit)
will be “up for grabs” for enterprises globally
(Source: Cisco)

39. Smart, connected
products require
companies to
build and support
an entirely new
technology
infrastructure
Source: HBR
The New Technology Stack

40. What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

41. Monitoring
Smart, connected products enable the comprehensive
monitoring of a product’s condition, operation, and
external environment through sensors and external
data sources
Source: HBR
Example: Glucose Monitor
that connects to your smartphone
What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

42. Control
Smart, connected products can be controlled through
remote commands or algorithms that are built into the
device or reside in the product cloud
Source: HBR
Example: Lockitron door lock
What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

43. Optimisation
The rich flow of monitoring data from smart, connected
products, coupled with the capacity to control product
operation, allows companies to optimise product
performance in numerous ways, many of which have
not been previously possible
Source: HBRExample: Diebold self-repairing AMTs
What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

44. Autonomy
Monitoring, control, and optimization capabilities
combine to allow smart, connected products to
achieve a previously unattainable level of autonomy.
Source: HBR
Example: iRobot’s Roomba vacuum cleaner
What Can Smart, Connected Products Do?

45. Examples

47. Nike +
Fuelband
activity
monitor

49. Jawbone UP
activity
and sleep
monitor

51. Lockitron
Lock
system

53. Phillips Hue
Lighting
System

55. NEST
Thermostat

57. iGrill
Grilling
Thermometer

59. SONOS
Sound system

61. BARISTA
Coffee
Machine

63. JUNE
Smart
Owen

65. Samsung
Smart
washer

67. Scanadu
Health Monitoring

68. With IoT what are the possibilities for smart
homes and smart cities?
Lecture Exercise L16 - C

69. Smart Everything

70. What does this mean?
Traditionally we use computer to use software - we
control the software and tell it what to do and when
Now software is becoming aware of our actions
through sensors, speech and touch
Software is controlling us in real time
Smart Everything

71. This smartness can be for us as an individual helping
us, making our life easier and more productive
This smartness can also help group of people - a
whole city to become more efficient
Smart Everything

72. Smart Homes

75. Smart Cities

77. Module 5: Algorithms and Platforms
Lecture L17 Algorithms and AI
Lecture L18 Big Data and Analytics
Lecture L19 Network Platforms
Lecture L20 Personalised World
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