1. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design
Introduction to HTML
2. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 2
HTML: HyperText Markup Language
• HTML documents are simply text documents
with a specific form
– Documents comprised of content and markup tags
– Content: actual information being conveyed
– The markup tags tell the Web browser how to
display the page
– An HTML file must have an htm or html file
extension
– An HTML file can be created using a simple text
editor
3. HTML Editors
● HTML editors are called “WYSIWYG”
• What You See Is What You Get!
● Examples of HTML Editors:
• Dreamweaver
• Front Page
• Go Live
4. HTML Editors:
● Cons
– They do not always
generate clean HTML
● Add redundant tags
● Add their own tags
– They do not offer good
graphic tools to
manipulate images
– It can be hard to fix
HTML tags since every
time you open a
document, code is added.
● Pros
– Good for beginners
• You do not have to know
much HTML to use editors
• It is easy to create complex
tables, image maps, and use
advanced functions such
as Style Sheets and
JavaScript
• Easy for design due to the
WYSIWYG interface
5. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 5
HTML Tags
• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML
elements
– Surrounded by angle brackets < and >
– HTML tags normally come in pairs, like <tagname>
(start tag) and </tagname> (end tag)
– The text between the start and end tags is the
element content
– Not case-sensitive
– Follow the latest web standards:
• Use lowercase tags
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Tag Attributes
• Tags can have attributes that provide
additional information to an HTML element
– Attributes always come in name/value pairs like:
name=“value”
– Attributes are always specified in the start tag
– Attribute values should always be enclosed in
quotes. Double quotes are most common.
– Also case-insensitive: however, lowercase is
recommended
– <tagname a1=“v1” a2=“v2”></tagname>
– For example, <table border=“0”> is a start tag that
defines a table that has no borders
7. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 7
HTML Document Structure
• Entire document enclosed within <html> and
</html> tags
• Two subparts:
– Head
• Enclosed within <head> and </head>
• Within the head, more tags can be used to specify title
of the page, meta-information (page description,
keywords, author of the document, last modified, and
other metadata), etc.
– Body
• Enclosed within <body> and </body>
• Within the body, content is to be displayed
• Other tags can be embedded in the body
8. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 8
Our First Experience
• If you are running Windows, start Notepad
• If you are on a Mac, start SimpleText
• Type in the following:
• Open this file using a browser, and you will see…
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b>
</body>
</html>
9. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 9
We’ll take a look at…
• HTML Basics
(http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_intro.asp):
– HTML Elements
– HTML Headings
– HTML Paragraphs
– HTML Formatting
– HTML Styles
– HTML Images
– HTML Tables
– HTML Lists
– HTML iFrames
– HTML Colors
10. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 10
HTML Layout
• One common way is to use HTML tables
to format the layout of an HTML page
– The trick is to use a table without borders, and maybe a
little extra cell-padding
• Other tips:
– Keep screen resolution in mind
– Use color to define spaces
– Align your images
– Balance the graphics and text on a page
– Think about text width – scan length 7 – 11 words
– Centering text is inadvisable (<p style="text-
align:justify">)
11. CS 299 – Web Programming and Design 11
HTML Frames
• HTML frames are a means of having several
browser windows open within a single larger
window
• Each HTML document is called a frame
• Disadvantages:
– Must keep track of more HTML documents
– Difficult to print the entire page
12. HTML Document Structure
● The HTML document is divided into two major parts:
• HEAD: contains information about the document:
• Title of the page (which appears at the top of the browser
window)
• Meta tags: used to describe the content (used by Search
engines)
• JavaScript and Style sheets generally require statements in the
document Head
• BODY: Contains the actual content of the document
• This is the part that will be displayed in the browser
window
14. HTML Tags
● All HTML tags are made up of a tag name and
sometimes they are followed by an optional list of
attributes which all appear between angle brackets < >
● Nothing within the brackets will be displayed by the browser (unless
the HTML is incorrectly written and the browser interprets the tags
as part of the content)
● Attributes are properties that extend or refine the tag’s functions
15. HTML Tags
● Standalone tags
– There are a few HTML tags which do not use
an end tag and are used for standalone
elements on the page:
<img> to display an image
<BR> Line break
<HR> header
16. HTML Tags
● Attributes
<body bgcolor=“khaki” text=“#000000” link=“blue” vlink=“brown”
alink=“black” >
● Attributes are added within a tag to extend a tag’s action.
● You can add multiple attributes within a single tag.
● Attributes belong after the tag name; each attribute should be separated by
one or more spaces.
● Most attributes take values, which follow an equal sign “=“
● after the attribute’s name.
● Values are limited to 1024 characters in length.
17. Basic Syntax
▪ Most (but not all!) HTML tags have a start
tag and an end tag:
▪ <H1>Hello, world!</H1>
▪ Basic Document Structure
▪ header: information about the page, e.g.
the title.
▪ body: the actual content of the page.
▪ document starts with
▪ <HTML> and ends with </HTML>
18. This is Information which the browser
will ignore:
● Tabs
● multiple spaces will appear as a single space
● Example:
–
“Hello,
How are you?”
The browser will ignore the blanks and new
line:
Hello, How are you?
19. <P> v. <BR> Tags
▪ <BR>: Break
▪ <P>: Paragraph tag. Creates more space
than a BR tag.
▪ <HR>: Creates a Horizontal Rule
20. Paragraph Tag <P>
● Leaves one empty line after the tag
● Multiple <P> tags with no intervening text
is interpreted as redundant by all browsers
and will display a single <P> tag
21. Line break <BR>
● This tag breaks the line and starts text at a
new line.
● It will not add an empty line like the
paragraph tag
● Multiple <br> tags will display multiple
line breaks
22. Using blockquotes
● Use <blockquote> …. </blockquote> to set up a “block”
of text. Nested blockquotes will further indent.
● For example:
<blockquote>Tiffany was one of America's most acclaimed and multitalented artists
working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
<blockquote>Of all of Tiffany's artistic endeavors, stained glass brought him the
greatest recognition. </blockquote></blockquote>
… will display as:
Tiffany was one of America's most acclaimed and multitalented artists
working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Of all of Tiffany's artistic endeavors, stained glass brought him the
greatest recognition.
23. Comments <!-- -->
● Browser will NOT display text in between
<!-- This is a comment -->
<!-- This is another
comment
-->
● I. E. uses the following tag as a comment:
<comment> this a comment </comment>
24. Headings: <h1> .. <h6>
● You can create Headlines of various sizes on
your page
● Headlines appear as bold letters
● An empty line will also follow the headlines.
● Used for titles
– H1 is the largest font and h6 is the smallest heading
– Headings need an end tag </h1>
25. Font Tags to specify color, font
type and size
<FONT FACE=ARIAL SIZE=6>
<B>The Curse of Xanadu</B>
</FONT>
<FONT FACE=ARIAL SIZE=3>
by By Gary Wolf, <I>Wired Magazine</I>
</FONT>
▪ Font tags:
▪ face: Arial, Courier, etc.
▪ size: e.g. 3, 6
▪ color: e.g. “RED”, “GREEN”, etc.
26. Text format tags
● Bold: <b> some text </b> or <strong>
● Italic <I> some text </I> or <em>
● <HR> (Horizontal Rule) Displays horizontal line in the browser
window. The line fills the window from left to the right margins.
It’s useful to separate sections of your document
● You can use attributes with <hr> such as
– <hr width=“70%”>
27. Backgrounds
● Use < body bgcolor = “ …” > for a
background color with a hex version of a
web-safe color:
<body bgcolor = “ccffff”>
● For a tiled background using an image file:
<BODY background="backgroundPicture.gif">
28. Lists
● Lists are used to organize items in the
browser window:
● Unordered list: Bulleted list (most popular), list
items with no particular order
● Ordered list: Numbered list
29. Lists
▪ HTML supports two types of Lists:
▪ Ordered Lists (OL): e.g. 1,2,3
▪ UnOrdered Lists (UL): e.g. bullets.
▪ Basic Syntax:
<UL>
<LI>Item 1
<LI>Item 2
</UL>
30. Unordered list:
– Unordered list: Bulleted list
(most popular), lists items
with no particular order
Fruit
<UL>
<LI> Banana
<LI>Grape
</UL>
Fruit
• Banana
• Grape
32. Hyperlinks (Anchor Tag):
● Hyperlinks are used for linking:
● within the same page (Named tags)
● To another page in your web site (Relative Link or local
link)
● To another page outside your web site (Absolute or remote
link)
● Email Link
● Hyper Links: are highlighted and underlined.
When you click on it, it takes you to another
page on the web.
<A command=“target”>highlighted text</A>
33. Hyperlinks:
● Absolute Link: These are links to another page
outside of your web site. These links specify the
entire URL of the page:
<A HREF=“http://www.nyu.edu/”>NYU Web Site</A>
NYU Web Site
34. Hyperlinks:
● Relative Link: These are links to another
page in your site so you do not have to
specify the entire URL.
<A HREF=“index.html”>Go back to main page</A>
Go back to main page
35. Targeted Links
▪ A tag includes a target attribute. If
you specify target=“_blank”, a new
browser window will be opened.
▪ <A HREF=“http://www.nyu.edu”
target="_blank”> NYU</A>
36. Email Link:
● You can e-mail someone:
<a href=“mailto:jj1@nyu.edu”>Send email to
J.J.</A>
37. HTML Tables
▪ Tables represent a simple mechanism for
creating rows and columns of data.
▪ This is a great tool for laying out the
content of any web page, especially when
you omit the border by using:
▪ … border = “0” …
▪ Tables are very widely used and supported
by all common browsers.
▪ Tables use a very simple tag structure.
38. ● Tables tags starts with
1. <TABLE> tag, then
1. <TR> defines table rows.
• Each <TR> represents one row in the table.
• The number of rows is determined by the number of <TR>
2. <TD> Table data or <TH> Table Header can follow the <TR> tag
• The number of cells in each row is determined by the number of <TH> (Table
Header) and/or <TD> (Table data) tags contained within that row.
• <TH> text will be in bold, and centered
2. <table>
</table>
HTML - Tables
<tr> <td> cell 1 <th> cell 2 <th> cell 3 </tr>
<tr> <td> cell 4 <td> cell 5 <td> cell 6 </tr>
<tr> <td> cell 7 <td> cell 8 <td> cell 9 </tr>
39. Basic Tag Structure
<TABLE>
<TR >
<TH>Ticker</TH>
<TH>Price</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>MSFT</TD>
<TD>71 1/16</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>KO</TD>
<TD>46 15/16</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
TR: Table Row
TH: Table Heading
TD: Table Data
Every <TD> must have a
matching
</TD>.
Every <TR> must have
a matching </TR>.
40. <TABLE ALIGN=“left" BORDER=0 BGCOLOR=“cyan“ width=600 cellpadding=0
cellspacing=0>
● Align: "left", "center" or "right“ - "left" is the default
● Border: thickness of the border in pixels - 0 for no borders
● Bgcolor: is background color in HEX or as a name color
● Background=url (works with IE only)
● Cellpading=n (n is number of pixels (space) between cell content and its border
● Cellspacing=n (n is number of pixels (space) between cells)
● Height=n (height of table in pixels or percentages 100%)
● Width=n (Width of table in pixels or percentages 100%)
Table Attributes
42. Images
<img src= "logoblue.gif" width="153"
height="31" border="0" alt="W I R E D">
▪ Image Attributes
▪ src: URL or filename for the image
▪ width/height: not required
▪ border: not required.
▪ alt: recommended for users running a text browser.
43. Adding multimedia files
● <a href=“filename.extension> listen to sound file </a>
● <a href=“sound1.wav> listen to sound file </a>
● <a href=“movie1.mov> view movie clip </a>
44. File Type Extention/Mime type
================================
plain text: .txt
HTML document: .html
GIF image: .gif or .jpg or .png
Acrobat file: .pdf
AIFF sound file: .aiff .au . wav
MP3 .mp3
QuickTime movie: .mov
MPEG movie: .mpeg or .mpg
Multimedia Filetypes
