Yeahhhh the final requirement!!!

SWITCH CASE AND
LOOPING

A final requirement for programming

http://eglobiotraining.com

PROGRAMMING
We first define the word
“programming”, it is a computer language
programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or
other set of instructions for a computer to execute.

programming is instructing a
computer to do something for you with the help of a
programming language. The role of a programming
language can be described in two ways:
Technical: It is a means for instructing a Computer
to perform Tasks
Conceptual: It is a framework within which we
organize our ideas about things and processes.


As an individual, I have learned that programming is a very broad because it composes many
scripts, applications and can be used to run a program that has been part of the programming language.

A programming language should both provide means to describe primitive data and procedures
and means to combine and abstract those into more complex ones.
The distinction between data and procedures is not that clear cut. In many programming
languages, procedures can be passed as data (to be applied to ``real'' data) and sometimes processed like
``ordinary'' data. Conversely ``ordinary'' data can be turned into procedures by an evaluation mechanism.


At first, programming is confusing because you have so much to understand
about codes that will enable to run a program. Programming has applications and
program development, the best example for this is the Internet bowser…

Programming is a creative process done by programmers to instruct a
computer on how to do a task. Fundamentally programs manipulate numbers and text.
These are the building blocks of all programs. Programming languages let you use them
in different ways, e.g adding numbers, etc… or storing data on disk for later retrieval.


You have to consider languages to run or write your own program, most
demanded language in programming is the DEV C++ (a full-featured Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)).

C++ is one of the most used programming languages in the world. Also known as
"C with Classes".

New to programming or thinking about it? It might surprise you to know that there are many
programmers who program just for fun and it can lead to a job.


SWITCH CASE

Switch case statements are a substitute for
long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral" values
("integral" values are simply values that can be expressed as an
integer, such as the value of a char).


basic format for using switch case:
switch ( <variable> ) {
case this-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == this-value
break;
case that-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == that-value
break;
...
default:
Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following any of the cases
break;
}

The value of the variable given into switch is compared to the value following each of
the cases, and when one value matches the value of the variable, the computer
continues executing the program from that point.


The condition of a switch
statement is a value. The case says that if it
has the value of whatever is after that case
then do whatever follows the colon. The
break is used to break out of the case

“Break” is a keyword that breaks out of
the code block, usually surrounded by braces, which it is in. In
this case, break prevents the program from falling through and
executing the code in all the other case statements.


The default case is optional, but it is wise to
include it as it handles any unexpected cases. Switch statements
serves as a simple way to write long if statements when the
requirements are met. Often it can be used to process input
from a user.


This shows how would you use a Switch in a Program
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void playgame()
{
cout << "Play game called";
}
void loadgame()
}
cout << "Load game called";
void playmultiplayer()
{
cout << "Play multiplayer game called";
}

int main()
{
int input;

cout<<"1. Play gamen";
cout<<"2. Load gamen";
cout<<"3. Play multiplayern";
cout<<"4. Exitn";
cout<<"Selection: "; cin>> input;
switch ( input ) {
case 1: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
playgame();
break;
loadgame();
break;
playmultiplayer();
break;
cout<<"Thank you for playing!n";
break;
default: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn";
break;
}
cin.get();
} http://eglobiotraining.com

That program will compile, but cannot be run until
the undefined functions are given bodies, but it serves as a model
(albeit simple) for processing input. If you do not understand this
then try mentally putting in if statements for the case statements. Default
simply skips out of the switch case construction and allows the program to terminate
naturally. If you do not like that, then you can make a loop around the
whole thing to have it wait for valid input. You could easily make a few
small functions if you wish to test the code.


LOOPING

Loops are used to repeat a block of code. Being
able to have your program repeatedly execute a block of code is one of
the most basic but useful tasks in programming -- many programs or
websites that produce extremely complex output (such as a message
board) are really only executing a single task many times.


(They may be executing a small number
of tasks, but in principle, to produce a list of messages only
requires repeating the operation of reading in some data
and displaying it.) Now, think about what this means: a loop
lets you write a very simple statement to produce a significantly greater
result simply by repetition.


One Caveat: before going further, you
should understand the concept of C++'s true and
false, because it will be necessary when working with loops
(the conditions are the same as with if statements).

Three types of Loops:
for, while, and do..


FOR
For ( variable initialization; condition; variable update ) {
Code to execute while the condition is true
}


The variable initialization allows you to either declare a variable and give it a
value or give a value to an already existing variable. Second, the condition tells the program that while
the conditional expression is true the loop should continue to repeat itself. The variable update section
is the easiest way for a for loop to handle changing of the variable. It is possible to do things like x++,
x = x + 10, or even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really wanted to, you could call other functions that
do nothing to the variable but still have a useful effect on the code.

Notice that a semicolon separates each of these sections, that is important. Also note
that every single one of the sections may be empty, though the semicolons still have to be there. If
the condition is empty, it is evaluated as true and the loop will repeat until something else
stops it.


Example:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}

This program is a very simple example of a for loop. x is set to zero, while x
is less than 10 it calls cout<< x <<endl; and it adds 1 to x until the
condition is met. Keep in mind also that the variable is incremented after
the code in the loop is run for the first time.


The basic structure:
WHILE
While ( condition ) { Code to execute while the condition is true }
The true represents a boolean expression which could be x == 1 or
while ( x != 7 ) (x does not equal 7). It can be any combination of
boolean statements that are legal. Even, (while x ==5 || v == 7)
which says execute the code while x equals five or while v equals 7.
Notice that a while loop is the same as a for loop without the initialization
and update sections. However, an empty condition is not legal for a
while loop as it is with a for loop.


Example:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl

int main()
{
int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables

while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10
cout<< x <<endl;
x++; // Update x so the condition can be met eventually
}
cin.get();
}

The easiest way to think of the loop is that when it reaches the brace at the end it
jumps back up to the beginning of the loop, which checks the condition again and
decides whether to repeat the block another time, or stop and move to the next
statement after the block.


DO..WHILE
are useful for things that want to loop at least once.

The Structure:
do {
} while ( condition ) ;


Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the
block instead of the beginning, so the block will be executed at least
once. If the condition is true, we jump back to the beginning of the
block and execute it again. A do..while loop is basically a reversed
while loop. A while loop says "Loop while the condition is true, and
execute this block of code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of
code, and loop while the condition is true".


Example:
#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}

Keep in mind that you must include a trailing semi-colon after the while in the
above example. A common error is to forget that a do..while loop must be
terminated with a semicolon (the other loops should not be terminated with a
semicolon, adding to the confusion). Notice that this loop will execute once,
because it automatically executes before checking the condition.


CODES AND EXPLANATIONS OF
THE PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN
TESTED


LOOPING STATEMENT 1
#include <iostream>

int main()
{

// nSelection must be declared outside do/while loop
int nSelection;

do
{
cout << "Please make a selection: " << endl;
cout << "1) Addition" << endl;
cout << "2) Subtraction" << endl;
cout << "3) Multiplication" << endl;
cout << "4) Division" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

// do something with nSelection here
// such as a switch statement

return 0;
}


LOOPING STAEMENT 2
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;

do
{
cin >> nSelection;
}

while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

if (nSelection == 1)
{
cout << "Please enter the first whole number ";
cin >> var1;
cout << "Please enter the second whole number ";
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}

return 0;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;
while (1)
{
do
{
cout << "5) Exit" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4 &&
nSelection != 5);

{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 4
else if (nSelection == 2)
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}
else
{
return 0;
}
}
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 5
#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 6
#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 7
#include <iostream>

int main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;

while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
}

cout << "FIRE!n";
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 1

SWITCH CASE
#include <iostream>


int main ()

{

int score;

cout << "What was your score?";

cin >> score;

if (score <= 25)

{

cout << "nOuch, less than 25...!";

}


SWITCH CASE 2
else if (score <= 50)

{

cout << "nYou score aint great mate..";

}


{

cout << "nYour pretty good, wel done man!";

}


{

cout << "nYou got to the top!!!";

}


SWITCH CASE 3
else

{

cout << "nYou cant score higher than 100!!! Cheater!!!!";

}

cin.ignore();

cin.get();

return 0;

}


SWITCH CASE 4

#include <iostream>


int main(){
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5!" << endl;
int number;
cin >> number;
if(number == 1){
cout << "one";
}
else if(number == 2){
cout << "two";
}
cout << "three";
}
cout << "four";
}
cout << "five";
}
else{
cout << number << " is not between 1 and 5!";
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}


SWITCH CASE 5
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int price_before_discount, RM, dozen, total_price;

cout<< "How much is the price before discount for 1 dozen boxes of tissue?n";
cout<<"RM ";
cin>>price_before_discount;
cout<<"nn";

cout<< "How many dozen boxes of tissue you buy?n";
cin>>dozen;
cout<<"nn";

switch (dozen)
{
total_price = ((price_before_discount*dozen) * (95/100));
case '1': cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

case '4' : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

default : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
}

return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 6
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
int n;
printf("Please enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
switch (n) {
case 1: {
printf("n is equal to 1!n");
break;
}
case 2: {
break;
}
case 3: {
break;
}
default: {
printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
break;
}
}
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 7
#include <iostream>
int main(void)
{
char grade;
cout << "Enter your grade: ";
cin >> grade;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your average must be between 90 - 100"
<< endl;
break;
case 'B':
<< endl;
break;
case 'C':
<< endl;
break;
case 'D':
<< endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Your average must be below 60" << endl;
}
return 0;
}


AN OUTPUT
PROGRAM USING DEV C++


In this looping statement, I used “while” looping, and I choose to show MDAS
just as an example for the program to run. If logical Expression evaluates
to true, the statement executes. The logical Expression is reevaluated. The
body of the loop continues to execute until the logicalExpression is false


I have came up with this by just starting to write this code: #include
<iostream> and then enter the succeeding codes, compiled and run.


I noticed that sometimes if the program does not run, it is because some
braces are not included and I accidentally put braces on the same line and it
causes the program not to read its contents. Programming is
sensitive, when there is missing variable or braces or some words it does not
run.


When I learned that programming is very sensitive and at the same
time very detailed when it comes to entering codes, I make sure that it
is clear means that I put everything important codes in it so that the
program would run.


. So much codes that should be entered that even the spaces are needed
programming is very specific that whatever you have entered in to it you
should specify because when the statement is false it wouldn’t let you run the
program, I have experienced it before I arrived at this result


Because of so many experiences I had before this program run, I
found programming is also interesting for the more you are practicing to
make a program run, the more questions that came up in my mind and try
something that will fit to this or entering new codes to make matrix etc…
that I know is possible.


In this switch case missing out a break statement causes control to
fall through to the next case label. Switches can always be replaced by
nested if-else statements, but in some cases this may be more clumsy.
Each break statement terminates the enclosing switch statement. Control flow
continues with the first statement


Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch statement can
have a number of possible execution paths, A switch works with
the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types.


The switch statement evaluates its expression, then executes all
statements that follow the matching case label.


The switch statement can include any number
of case instances, but no two case constants within the same switch statement
can have the same value. Execution of the statement body begins at the
selected statement and proceeds until the jump-statement transfers control
out of the case body.


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Submitted by:
Bulatao, Carlo June D.
BM10203


Yeahhhh the final requirement!!!

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