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†eM, (cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v), Kvjv›ì (kni cwiPvjK), `v‡ivMv (cywjk wefvMxq cÖavb) Ges †Kr-LyÏvn I iBm (MÖvg¨ †gvoj) cÖf„wZ Kg©KZ©vi mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kwi‡Zb| †Kvivb I wkqv kwiqr †gvZv‡eK wZwb kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Zb| Z‡e ga¨hyMxq cÖ_v Abyhvqx wZwb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †¯^”QvPvix wQ‡jb Ges Zvi K_vB wQj †`‡k Aj•Nbxq AvBb| kvn& AveŸvm 1588 wLª÷v‡ã ivRavbx KvRweb n‡Z B¯úvnv‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib Ges AwP‡iB Zvi cÖ‡Póvq B¯úvnvb ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg GKwU †kªô bMix‡Z cwiYZ nq| Bnv e¨ZxZ Kvw¯úqvb DcmvM‡ii ZxieZx© AÂ‡j Avkivd I dvivnvev` bv‡g `yBwU g‡bvig bMix wbg©vY K‡ib| Bnv AveŸv‡mi kxZKvjxb AveŸm I m‡B m‡½ mvdvwf mvgªv‡Rï wØZxq ivRavbx wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ nBZ| kvn& AveŸv‡mi RbwnZKi Kvh©vejxi wdwiw¯— w`qv †kl Kiv KóKi e¨vcvi| †KejgvÎ B¯úvnv‡bB wZwb 162wU gmwR`, 48wU wk¶v cÖwZôvb, 1802wU mivBLvbv I 273wU øvbvMvi wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bnv e¨ZxZ wPÎwk‡í, my›ì n¯—wjwc we`¨vq, g„rcvÎ I Kv‡c©U wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î kvn AveŸv‡mi Avgj wek¦‡Rvov L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| ivRavbx kn‡ii evwn‡i Aew¯’Z †g‡k‡` wZwb Bgvg Avjx AviwiRvi mgvwa‡mŠa wbg©vY K‡ib| 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wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb hv‡Z Zvi cyÎ mvwd wgR©vi mšÍvb mvg wgR©v‡K cieZx© kvn wbe©vPb Kiv nq| d‡j AveŸv‡mi g„Zyï ci Zvi †cŠÎ mvg gxR©v 1629 wLª÷v‡ã 17B †deª“qvwi kvn& kvwd Dcvwa aviY K‡i cvi‡mï mvdvwf wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡ib| G mgq Zvi eqm wQj gvÎ 18 ermi| ivR‡Z¡i wewfbœ mg‡q wZwb kvnvbkvn, mv‡n‡e †K¡ivb I myjZvb Avj mvjvZxb cÖf©wZ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| kvn& nevi c~e©eZx© w`b¸wj‡Z wZwb ‡n‡igLvbvq ew›` Ae¯’vq Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb| myZivs ivR Kvh© cwiPvjbv, mvgwiK A_ev †emvgwiK ch©v‡qi mKj cÖKvi cÖwk¶Y n‡ZB wZwb ewÂZ nb| d‡j kvn& AveŸvm ev c~e©eZx© mvdvfx kvmK‡ì DbœZ PvwiwÎK ¸Yvejxi †KvbwUiB wZwb AwaKvix wQ‡jb bv| g~jZ kvn& mvwdi Avgj n‡ZB mvdvwf es‡ki AatcZb mywPZ nq| Hanway Zvi kvmbKvj m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ ZrKi‡Z wM‡q e‡jb: “He interferedso little in the affairs of the government taht the Persians would have scarcely perceived they had a king, had it not been for the frequent instances of barbarity which stained his reign with blood; by his own folly he lost Kandahar and Babylon [Bagdad] two of the most important places of his frontires.” kvn& mvwd wbg©g I m‡›`ncÖeY wQ‡jb| Bnv Qvov gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨cvb I bvix mvnPh© Zvi PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv AviI evwo‡q w`‡qwQj| wZwb KLbI ivRKv‡h© g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Zb bv| bvix, myiv I wkKvi wb‡qB Zvi mgq AwZevwnZ nZ| HwZnvwmK µywmsw¯‹ Zvi m¤^‡Ü e‡jb, (There has not been in persia a more cruel and bloody reign than his, one continued series of cruelties )|Ó wc. mvBK e‡jb: “The new monarch took the title of Shah safi, and his reign of thirteen years was one long chapter of execution.”| wZwb c~e© cyi“l‡ì bxwZ AbymiY K‡i mvdvwf es‡ki hyeivRw`M‡K nZ¨v K‡ib Ges Gfv‡e wZwb Zvi fwel¨r cÖwZØ›Øx‡ì wbg~©j Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi G wbôziZvi nvZ ‡_‡K GgbwK gwnjvMY ch©š— wb¯—vi cvb wb| gvZvj Ae¯’vq wZwb wb‡Ri gvZv w`jvivg Lvbyg I ¯¿x‡K nZ¨v Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| cwieªvRK U¨vfvwb©qv‡ii eb©bvbyhvqx Rb g¨vjKg e‡jb, kvn gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨cv‡bi ¯¿x nZ¨vi wb‡`©k Kvh©Kix Kievi ci †bkvgy³ n‡j Zvi K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbvq †fs‡M c‡ob Ges iv‡Rï mKj g‡ì cvÎ †fs‡M †djvi wb‡`©k †`b| Bnv e¨ZxZ kvn mvdx 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ivwkqvi Rvi evKz I `viev›` AwaKvi Ki‡jb Ges Kvw¯úqvb mvMixq AÂ‡jI Zvi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nj| wKš‘ wewbg‡q wZwb kvn& Zvngvmc‡K mvnv‡hï Rbª mivmwi AMÖmi n‡jb bv| Ab¨w`‡K 1724 wLª÷v‡ã mvdvwf mvgªv‡Rï Aek¨¤¢vex cZb j¶ K‡i Zzi¯‹ I ivwkqv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cvim¨‡K wef³ K‡i jBevi wbwg‡Ë GK Aïf mwÜ ¯^v¶i Kwij Ges AvdMvb †bZv Avkiv‡di wbKU n‡Z ZzwK©MY cvi‡mï GK weivU Ask `Lj K‡i jBj| kvn& Zvngvmc Aek¨ bvwì Kzwj Lvb bvgK (c‡i bvwì kvn&) GK my`¶ †mbvcwZi mvnv‡h¨ cvim¨ n‡Z AvdMvb, ZzwK© I i“k evwnbx‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jb| wKš‘ mvdvwf es‡ki cybtcÖwZôv D”Pvwfjvlx I cÖK…Z ¶gZvi AwaKvi bvw`‡ii D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv| 1736 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb mvdvwf es‡ki me©‡kl Ges bvggvÎ kvn& Z…Zxq AveŸvm‡K wmsnvmbPz¨Z K‡i P~ovš—fv‡e HwZnëvnx mvdvwf es‡ki cZb NUvB‡jb| mvdvwf es‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK Ae`vb cvi‡mï RvZxq BwZnv‡m mvdvwf esk GKwU wewkó Aa¨v‡qi ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| | G Avg‡ji e¨vcK ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ mvdvwfMY we¯§qKi mvs¯‹…wZK Ae`vb ivwL‡Z m¶g nb| mvdvwf wkíKjvi Dci hyMcr †gv½j, ‰Zgyixq Ges Pxbv cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| mvfvwf 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mgvwa‡mŠaÓ we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| wewPÎ e‡Y©i Uvwj Øviv G BgviZ¸wj Av”Qvw`Z I my‡kvwfZ Kiv wQj Ges G ixwZ mvdvwf ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Ab¨Zg GKwU êwkó¨ wnmv‡e DrKl© jvf K‡i| mvdvwf Avg‡ji mvs¯‹…wZK Ae`v‡bi g‡a¨ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ciB wPÎ wk‡íi ¯’vb| mvdvwf wPÎwk‡í †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvb, ˆZgyixq I Pxbv cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ Pxbv cÖfveB cÖej ewiqv g‡b nq| mvdvwf‡ì Avg‡j wniU n‡Z wPÎwk‡íi †K›`ª Zvewi‡R ¯’vbvš—wiZ Kiv nq| cvi‡mï me©‡kªô wPÎv¼b wQ‡jb Kvgvj DwÏb wen&Rv`| wZwb cÖZx‡Pï i¨vdv‡qj ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ| 1440 wLª÷v‡ã wen&Rv` wniv‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1524 wLª÷v‡ã Zvi g„Zz¨ nq| d‡j hyMcr ˆZgyixq Ges mvdvwf ivR ìev‡i c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| kvn& BmgvBj wen&Rv`‡K wnivU n‡Z Zvewi‡R Avbqb K‡ib Ges 1522 wLª÷v‡ã Zuv‡KZvewi‡R wbwg©Z wPÎKjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖavb cwiPvjK wbhy³ Kiv nq| wen&Rv‡ì n‡¯—B cvi‡mï wPÎwk‡íi Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq Ges mvdvwf kvn& gnvgwZ AveŸvm wen&Rv`‡K Zvi mvgªv‡Rï Aa©vs‡ki b¨vq g~jëvb ewjqv we‡ePbv Kwi‡Zb| wen&Rv‡ì g„Zzï ci Zvi my‡hvM¨ wkl¨MY Zvi Abymi‡Y wnivU I Zvewi‡R wPÎv¼b Kv‡R eªZ _v‡Kb 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