A lecture for students on the great domestication experiment of Novosibirsk scientists.

1. Domestication as a Model of Speciation 50 years long experiment, run in the Institute of Cytology and Genetics Biology. Summer School 2007 Novosibirsk Marina Voloshina Phys-Math School, Novosibirsk State University, 2007 http://www.slideshare.net/outdoors

2. This is an educational lecture for students – an overview of an experiment conducted by scientists of Novosibirsk Institute of Cytology and Genetics and its evolutionary implications

5. Our assistants

6. And pets

8. Darwin’s example of artificial selection – pigeons breeds

11. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Academgorodok

12. Academician Dmitry Belyaev 1917 - 1985

14. Belyaev’s collaborator. Guides this experiment now Dr. Ludmila Trut

16. Depending on particular phenotypes it favors, the natural selection has several types .

20. In highly integrative systems even small changes of one element can lead to an avalanche-like events

22. Regulatory genes

25. all except sheep changes in reproductive cycle dogs, cats, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle floppy ears dogs, cats, sheep shortened tails, fewer vertebrae dogs, pigs rolled tails sheep, poodles, donkeys, horses, pigs, goats, mice, guinea pigs wavy or curly hair all piebald coat color all appearance of dwarf and giant forms Domesticated species Character

31. Let themselves be petted and handled but show no emotionally friendly response Class II – neutral

32. Class III – wild. Aggressive behavior

33. wild

34. To the 10 th generation of selection 18 % of foxes became elite (best of the Class I). Now days the elite foxes make about 80 %.

38. ‘ Star’ heterozygous ‘ Star’ homozygous

40. Domesticated American mink

41. Floppy ears

42. Floppy ears in cats – Scottish-fold

43. Tails curled upwards

44. Shortened tail and legs

50. Gene networks rule the development of all traits in ontogeneses Master genes in inductor cells Membrane receprors’ genes Regulatory genes Srtucrural proteins’ genes

56. Stasis, Extinction and Speciation

60. This model of speciation was put forward by Stephen Jay Gould in 1970-th

61. Punctuated Equilibrium Theory of Speciation

65. Regulatory evolution at the yellow gene underlies the wing pigmenation of Drosophilidae Staining for yellow protein D.melanogaster D. biarmipes D. guttifera Wings

66. Domestic Animals: Parallelism in Color

69. Humans and dogs – convergent evolution? http://email.eva.mpg.de/~tomas/pdf/Hare_Tomasello05.pdf

71. Links Wikipedia article http ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame_Silver_Fox Lyudmila Trut. Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment http://www.americanscientist.org/my_amsci/restricted.aspx?act=pdf&id=3038739723681 Website of the Cornell University on the collaboration work with the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk http ://cbsu.tc.cornell.edu/ccgr/behaviour/Index.htm What Can Dogs And Silver Foxes Tell Us About Each Other? http ://cbsu.tc.cornell.edu/ccgr/behaviour/04_Recent_Publications/FoxChapter.pdf B.Hare and Michael Tomasello. Human-like social scills in dogs? http://email.eva.mpg.de/~tomas/pdf/Hare_Tomasello05.pdf

72. Copyright notice This is an educational presentation, based on works of D.K. Belyaev and L.N.Trut of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics. You can use it in education with the links to original works. Any commercial use is prohibited. You have no right to place it on any website or portal for download. Marina Voloshina http :// www.slideshare.net / outdoors http:// biologii.net