International Workshop on next-generation technologies for Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning by Julius Banks.

1. United Nations Environment
Programme
International Workshop on next-
generation technologies for
Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning
June 7, 2010
Julius Banks
U.S EPA
Office of Air and Radiation
Stratospheric Protection Division

2. Welcome
Julius Banks
Team Lead Refrigerant Recycling and Recovery
Regulatory Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation; Stratospheric Protection
Division
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
banks.julius@epa.gov; (202) 343-9870

3. Scope of Briefing
 Overview of EPA’s Ozone Layer Protection
Program
 U.S. transition from ODS in motor vehicle
air conditioning
 Regulatory Framework
 MVAC transition in U.S.
 HFC reductions via voluntary initiatives
 Future alternatives in Ref A/C sectors?

4. Turn Off Production Tap & Improve Public Health
UNEP/WMO Ozone Assessment, 2006
The Montreal Protocol has
slowed and reversed the
accumulation of ozone
depleting substances
(ODSs) in stratosphere
By 2165, actions to protect
the ozone layer will prevent
millions of U.S. skin cancer
deaths
EPA SunWise program in
22,000 schools K-8
UV Index
(Effective stratospheric chlorine is the
weighted sum of chlorine and bromine
gases in the stratosphere.)

5. Then and Now: Progress in Ozone
Protection

6. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
of ODS Emissions
World Avoided
(2-3%/yr growth) 2010: MP will have reduced net*
GWP-weightedt emissions 5-6
times the reduction target of
Kyoto’s first commitment period
*Net offsets for ozone depletion and
ODS substitutes, approximately 3.9
G. Velders et al., PNAS, 2007
GtCO2-eqyr-1, not shown. t100-yr GWPs.

7. 2007 Montreal Protocol Agreement Added Significant
Climate Protection
With U.S. leadership, Parties agreed to more
aggressive phaseout for ozone-depleting
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Overall, dramatic HCFC reductions 2010-2040
compared to prior commitments, strengthening
ozone layer protection
Climate benefit 2010-2040: 3,000-16,000 MMTCO2E
 Approximate midpoint is equivalent to eliminating climate
emissions from 50% of all U.S. passenger cars each year for
next 30 years

8. Montreal Protocol HCFC Transition Will Create
Additional HFC Use
700
600
HCFCs (MP)
500
HFCs (BAU)
MMTCO2eq
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

9. Montreal Protocol Caused Switches to New
Chemicals With Significant Environmental Benefits
2,500
2,000 U.S. Consumption
Million Metric Tons CO 2 Equivalent
1,500 ODS Other
1,000
ODS Ref/AC
500 Service HFC Ref/AC
Service
HFC Other
ODS Ref/AC New
HFC Ref/AC New
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030

10. Regulatory Tools to Reduce ODS/GHG
Emissions & Encourage Smooth Transitions
Conserve and Manage Existing Supplies
 U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) Title VI
 Section 604/605 phaseout on production and consumption of ODS
 Section 608 safe disposal requirements
 Safe disposal requirements for small appliances and motor vehicle air
conditioners at end-of-life
 Section 609 motor vehicle a/c service requirements
 Restriction on the sale of small cans of CFC-12
 Required technician training
 Mandatory service requirements for MVACs
 Section 612 identify safer alternatives to ODS in Ref A/C systems
(SNAP)
 R-152a (Aug 2008)
 R-744 (Mar 1994)
 HFO-1234yf (Oct 2009)
 Complementary voluntary programs that encourage safer
outcomes
 Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership
 GreenChill for Supermarkets
 Responsible Appliance Disposal (RAD) program

11. Step 1- Phaseout Manufacture and Import
January 1, 1994; 75% for CFC
January 1, 1996; 100% for CFCs
January 1, 2010; 75% HCFC-22
January 1, 2015; 90% for HCFC-22
January 1, 2020; 100% for HCFC-22
Excise tax $12/lb on CFC

12. Step 2- Conserve Existing Stocks
 No ban on continued use of
CFC or HFC in existing
MVACs
 Use of existing technology
still allowed
 Focus is on conservation and
recovery/recycling/reclamatio
n/reuse
 Service requirements and
end-of-life recovery

13. Acceptable Alternatives
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
Program
No mandate on alternative selection
Suite of alternatives for use in retrofit/new
MVAC
Option to revisit alternatives as technology
evolves

14. MVAC Refrigerants
 CFC-12 (or R-12)
 100 yr atmospheric lifetime
 Potent ozone depleting potential (ODP = 1.0 )
 Also contributes to climate change (GWP ~ 10,890 WMO)
 HFC-134a (or R-134a)
 14 yr atmospheric lifetime
 Non-ODS (ODP = 0)
 Greenhouse gas (GWP ~ 1400)
 Future in U.S.??
 HR 2454 and other previous House and Senate bills signal
need for low GWP alternatives
 Need to expand the suite of potential alternatives

15. Regulatory Considerations
 Listing of acceptable refrigerants in MVACs
 Concern is recovery of blends or concern for reverse
retrofit if new options are scarce or too expensive
 Infrastructure for reclamation or destruction –
financial incentive/disincentive for service
technicians (sales restriction, cylinder return, tax)
 Ability to destroy blends at service/end-of-life

16. Statutory Requirements
 CAA 609 no later than 1991 required EPA to promulgate regulations
establishing standards and requirements regarding the servicing of
motor vehicle air conditioners
 No person repairing or servicing motor vehicles for consideration may
perform any service on a motor vehicle air conditioner involving the
refrigerant for such air conditioner without properly using approved
refrigerant recycling equipment and no such person may perform
such service unless such person has been properly trained and
certified.
 Certification that each person performing service on motor vehicle air
conditioners for consideration shall certify to EPA that they have
acquired, and are properly using approved refrigerant recycling
equipment in service on motor vehicle air conditioners involving
refrigerant and that each individual authorized by such person to
perform such service is properly trained and certified
 Prohibit the sale and distribution of any ozone depleting refrigerant
suitable for use in an MVAC in a container which contains less than
20 pounds of such refrigerant.

17. Expanding Alternatives Menu:
Some ref/AC transitioned to high-GWP HFCs; some are moving beyond
‣Current SNAP activities includes evaluating substitutes
that, compared to current options, offer significantly
lower- or no-GWP options:
‣HFO-1234yf NPRM proposed for MVACs, final rule
under development
‣Supports OTAQ GHG rule
‣CO2 NODA issued for MVACs, final rule under
development
‣CO2 found acceptable (Notice 24) for commercial
refrigeration
‣HC domestic refrigeration NPRM issued 5/10/10
‣Key sectors still need choices, i.e., unitary

18. What’s Ahead for SNAP: Expanded
Menu
Some ref/AC uses have transitioned from
ODS to HFCs; some have not
Consumption Reductions (MMTCO2eq)
 SNAP evaluating substitutes that, 25
compared to current options, offer
significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
 Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review 14
(examples):
 Hydrocarbon (HC) ice cream cabinets
 HCs for refrigerators, freezers, self-
contained refrigeration equipment, and
window AC units
 Residential refrigerator/freezer with HC
refrigerant
 New motor vehicle air conditioning (MVAC)
alternative with 99.7% lower GWP
 Supermarket refrigeration using CO2 as a 0
refrigerant
 MVAC using R-1234yf, HFC-152a (finalized)
or CO2

19. Title VI Regulatory Initiatives &
Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership
 SNAP Program
 International standard for ODS alternatives review
 Menu approach not mandate or endorsement of specific alternatives
 Next generation of air conditioning technology- HFO -1234yf
 Component of OTAQ rulemaking on tailpipe emissions reduction
 PMN under TSCA still ongoing
 SNAP review still ongoing
 Sec 608/609 Service Practices to reduce emissions of CFC-12 and HFC-134a
 Work with MACS and SAE to adopt recovery/recycling equipment standards into
regulation
 Adopted MACS training requirements into mandatory technician certification
program
 Mandatory recovery of refrigerant prior to auto shredding or crushing
 MAACPP reduces the environmental impact of mobile air conditioning
 recovery and recycling of CFC-12 and HFC-134a refrigerants
 development of new, environmentally superior air conditioning technologies
 increased cooling efficiency
 improved service procedures
 end-of-life servicing
 MAACPP provided
 Partnership with industry groups
 Research cooperation
 Development and testing of next-generation mobile air conditioning systems, and
 Technical assistance

20. Next Steps
Julius Banks
Team Lead, Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling
Programs
U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Office of
Atmospheric Programs, Stratospheric Protection
Division
(202) 343-9870
banks.julius@epa.gov
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html