3. LOGOLOGO
INTRODUCTION
• Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state
of one who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money.Absolute poverty or
destitution refers to the deprivation of basic
human needs, which commonly includes food,
water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and
education. Relative poverty is defined contextually
as economic inequality in the location or society in
which people live.
4. LOGOLOGO
POVERTY IN INDIA
• Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of
methods have been proposed to measure it. The
official measure of Indian government, before 2005,
was based on food security and it was defined from
per capita expenditure for a person to consume
enough calories and be able to pay for associated
essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government
adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved
away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and
used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure
per capita necessary to survive.
6. LOGOLOGO
TYPES OF POVERTY
• ABSOLUTE POVERTY
• Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time
and between countries. First introduced in 1990, the dollar a day poverty
line measured absolute poverty by the standards of the world’s poorest
countries. The World Bank defined the new international poverty line as
$1.25 a day for 2005 (equivalent to $1.00 a day in 1996 US prices) but
have recently been updated to be $1.25 and $2.50 per day. Absolute
poverty, extreme poverty, or abject poverty is "a condition characterized
by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking
water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It
depends not only on income but also on access to services." The term
'absolute poverty', when used in this fashion, is usually synonymous with
'extreme poverty': Robert McNamara, the former President of the World
Bank, described absolute or extreme poverty as, "...a condition so limited
by malnutrition, illiteracy, disease, squalid surroundings, high infant
mortality, and low life expectancy as to be beneath any reasonable
definition of human decency". Australia is one of the world's wealthier
nation.
7. LOGOLOGO
RELATIVE PROPERTY
• Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context, hence
relative poverty is a measure of income inequality. Usually, relative poverty is measured
as the percentage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of median
income. There are several other different income inequality metrics, for example the Gini
coefficient or the Theil Index.
• Relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy
developed nations." Relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers. In
the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most–
quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."
• "Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in
a specific time and space."
• "Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of
the poverty problem – from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the
societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but
the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of
those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized
nations today is a problem of relative poverty.
8. LOGOLOGO
• OTHER ASPECTS
• Economic aspects of poverty focus on material needs, typically
including the necessities of daily living, such as food, clothing,
shelter, or safe drinking water. Poverty in this sense may be
understood as a condition in which a person or community is
lacking in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-
being and life, particularly as a result of a persistent lack of
income.
• Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity
to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a
society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the
diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of lives they
value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access
to information, education, health care, or political power.
9. LOGOLOGO
Causes
• One cause is a high population growth rate, although
demographers generally agree that this is a symptom
rather than cause of poverty. While services and industry
have grown at double-digit figures, agriculture growth rate
has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the
population is employed in agriculture whereas the
contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%.[77]
The surplus of labour in agriculture has caused many
people to not have jobs. Farmers are a large vote bank and
use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-
income industrial project.
10. LOGOLOGO
• Inheritance of Poverty
• Families that have had a lifetime of poverty tend to pass on the situation
to their children. They cannot afford education for their children and
children grow with no skills. Children work on the same family farms, and
marry into families with similar conditions as they turn adults. They in
turn pass on the tradition to their children.
• Education, Training and skills
• People who are educated or had some training or skills are in a better
position to apply ideas and knowledge into fixing basic problems and
enhancing their livelihoods. They are able to plan, follow instructions and
get reach out to access information, tools and support that can improve
their livelihoods. In the absence of training, skills or education, people
cannot help themselves. They cannot prevent diseases, and cannot apply
new ways of doing things. The result is that their poverty situation is
worse of and are even more vulnerable than before.
11. LOGOLOGO
• Conflicts and Unrests
• About 33% of communities in absolute poverty live in places of
conflict. In the past, countries like Rwanda and Sri-Lanka have
suffered poverty as a result of years of tribal and civil wars. In
recent years, Afghanistan, Iraq and the like are all going through
difficult times and poverty is rife in these areas. Unrests result in
massive loss of human live, diseases, hunger and violence,
destruction of property and infrastructure, economic
investments and quality labour. It is also a put-off for foreign
investments. Wealth can never be created in such an
environment.
• Gender discrimination
• In many African communities, girls were not allowed to be in
school. Families preferred to invest in boys’ education than in
girls. Women were also not allowed to do major economic
activity and had less ownership of lands and assets. This idea
negatively impacts on the well-being of women, and the
development of their children is also impacted negatively.
12. LOGOLOGO
WAYS TO REDUCE POVERTY
• 1. Education
• Quality education empowers people to take advantage of opportunities
around them. It helps children get knowledge, information and life skills
they need to realize their potential. Training teachers, building schools,
providing education materials and breaking down that prevent children
from accessing education are important features of poverty alleviation
programmes.
• 2. Health, food and water
• Many programs aim at feeding kids at school and providing health
services as well. This encourages parents to send the children to school
and keep them there. If children have food to eat, and are healthy, they
can learn and respond to the needs of the programme.
13. LOGOLOGO
• 3. Provision of skills and Training
• The youth and able-to-work in the communities are
provided skills to help with farm work or other
economic activity, which helps them earn money to
make a living and take care of their families.
• 4. Income redistribution
• It is important that the government extends its
development programs such as roads, bridges, and other
economic facilities to rural areas, to make it easy for
goods and services and farm produce to move to and
from the farming communities.
• With a bit of effort in the areas mentioned above, it
won’t take long to see real improvements in the living
conditions of the community.
