3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE
ARE.”
4. MEANING OF PERCEPTION
The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
Perceptions differ from person to person.
Each individual
differently.
perceives
the
same
situation
Individuals organize and interpret things based on
their past experiences and the important values they
consider important.
Employees tend to behave and act on certain things on
the basis of their perception.
5. DEFINITIONS
STEPHEN ROBBINS
“ Perception is a process by which individual’s organize
and interpret the sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.”
FRED LUTHANS
“Perception is an important mediating cognitive
process through which persons make interpretations of
the stimulus or situation they are forced with.”
6. Cntd…….
In general, it can be defined as “ a process that
involves seeing, receiving, selecting, organizing,
interpreting and giving meaning to the environment”.
7. NATURE OF PERCEPTION
1. Perception is the process by which an individual gives
meaning to the environment.
2. It is a cognitive and psychological process.
3. People’s action, emotions, thoughts and feelings are
triggered by their perceptions.
4. Since perception refers to the acquisition of specific
knowledge about objects or events at any particular
moment, it occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense
organs.
8. 5. Though perception has been defined in a variety of ways,
it basically refers to the manner in which a person
experiences the world.
6. Perception is an almost automatic process and works in
much the same way within each individual, yet typically
yields different perceptions.
7. A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behavior.
8. Perception is a process that operates constantly between
us and reality.
9. 9. Since perception is subjective process, different people
may perceive the same environment differently. So
perception is like beauty, that lies in the eyes of the
beholder.
10. Perception involves the creation of gestalts.
11. Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation,
not an exact recording of the situation.
12. Perception is more complex and much broader than
sensation.
10. IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION
Perception plays a very important role in shaping the
personality of an individual.
Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.
Perception affects the outcome of our behavior because we
act on the basis of what we see.
Managers should be able to distinguish between a perceived
world and the reality.
An understanding of perception is important to understand
and control the human behavior .
11. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERCEPTUAL
PROCESS
Characteristics of the perceiver.
Characteristics of the setting.
Characteristics of the perceived.
12. Characteristics of the perceiver.
The perceptual process is influenced by the perceiver’s:
•Past experiences.
•Needs or motives.
•Personality.
•Values and attitudes.
Characteristics of the setting.
The perceptual process is influenced by the setting’s:
•Physical context.
•Social context.
•Organizational context.
13. Characteristics of the perceived.
The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of
the perceived person, object, or event, such as:
•Contrast.
•Intensity.
•Figure-ground separation.
•Size.
•Motion.
•Repetition or novelty.
14. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Factors in the situation
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting
Perception
Factors in the perceived
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
16. Perceptual inputs – Objects, Events and people.
All those things in the setting where events occur or
contribute to the occurrence of events can be termed as
Perceptual inputs.
Perceptual Mechanism -involves three elements viz. selection
of stimuli, organization of stimuli and interpretation of
stimuli.
Perceptual outputs –Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings & Values.
The result is the “ BEHAVIOUR”
17. WHAT ARE COMMON
PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS?
Or
PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
Stereotypes or prototypes.
Halo effects.
Selective perception.
Projection.
Contrast effects.
Self-fulfilling prophecy.
18. Cntd…….
Stereotypes or prototypes.
Combines information based on the category or class to
which a person, situation, or object belongs.
Halo effects.
Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is
used to develop an overall impression of the individual
or situation.
19. Cntd……..
Selective perception.
The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent with
one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
Projection.
The assignment of one’s personal attributes to other
individuals.
Projection can be controlled through a high degree of
self-awareness and empathy.
20. Cntd…….
Contrast effects.
Occur when an individual is compared to other people
on the same characteristics on which the others rank
higher or lower.
Self-fulfilling prophecy.
The tendency to create or find in another situation or
individual that which one expected to find.
Managers
should
adopt
positive
approaches to people at work.
and
optimistic
21. HOW CAN THE PERCEPTUAL
PROCESS BE MANAGED?
Impression management.
A person’s systematic attempt to behave in ways that
create and maintain desired impressions in others’ eyes.
Successful managers:
Use impression management to enhance their own
images.
Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression
management.
22. Cntd…….
Distortion management.
Managers should:
Balance
automatic
and
controlled
information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation stage.
