1. HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES OF
NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER

2. Computer is the most poiwerful technological
tool to transform the nursing profession prior
to the new century.
Today and tomorrow the computer and internet
are essential for all settings were nurses
function-hospitals, ambulatory care centers
and schools of nursing.

3. Major historical perspectives of
nursing and computers
• Computer technology emerge in nursing in
response to the changing and developing
technologies in the health care industry and in
nursing practice.

4. How it started?
• Prior to 1960s
there were only a few experts who formed a cadre of pioneers that attempted to adapt
computers to health care and nursing.
the image of nursing was improving
computers were used for basic business office functions
used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer programs, sort, and
prepare data for processing.

5. • 1960s
uses of computer technology in health
care setting began to be questioned.
nurses station in the hospital was viewed
as the hub of information exchange.
during this period, computer technology
advanced, while the number of health care
facilities increased.

6. introduction of cathode ray tube
terminals, online data communication, and
real time processing added important
dimensions to the computer system.
hospital information systems were
developed primarily to process financial
transactions and serve as billing and
accounting systems.

7. vendors of computer systems were
beginning to enter the health care field.

8. • 1970s
continued integration of computers into
nursing.
improvement of documentation (nurses
chart, vital signs, etc.)
mainframe HIS were designed and develop
management of care

9. during this period, several states and large
community health agencies developed.

10. • 1980s
the field of informatics emerged in the health
care industry and nursing.
updates on practice standards
mainframe HISs emerged with nursing
subsystems.
discharged planning system were developed
and used as referrals to community health care
facilities.

11. microcomputer or personal computer (PC)
emerged.

12. • 1990s
computer technology became an integral
part of health care settings, nursing practice,
and the nursing profession.
during 1992, NI was approved by the
American Nurses Association (ANA) as a new
nursing specialty.
smaller and faster computers-laptops and
notebooks arise

13. workstations, local area networks (LANs)
and wide area networks (WANs) were
developed.
introduction of internet

14. • Post 2000
torrid pace of hardware and software
development and growth
wireless point-of-care developed
clinical information systems became
individualized in the electronic patient record
(EPR) and lifelong longitudinal record or the
electronic health record (EHR)

15. personal digital assistance (PDA) and smart
cellular telephones continued to advanced
use of Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)
critical care units are monitored remotely
by health care provides (eICU)
Telenursing is increasing in popularity and
providing patient care in an efficient and
expeditious fashion.

16. health insurance portability and
Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was
enacted.

17. Four major nursing areas
• Nursing practice
• Nursing administration
• Nursing education
• Nursing research

18. Nursing practice
• It become a integral part of the EHR
• Emerged with the introduction of several
nursing terminologies that were recognized by
the ANA .
• They are use to assess problems, document
care and etc.

19. Nursing administration
• Nursing administration has also changed with
the introduction of the computers that links
nursing department together.
• Internet is being used by nurses to accessed
digital libraries, online resources and research
protocols at bedside

20. Nursing education
Most universities and schools of nursing offer
computer in enhancing courses, online
courses and or distance education
Live classroom lectures via digital telephone
lines arise.

21. Nursing research
• Provides the impetus to used the computer
for analyzing nursing data.
• Software programs are available for
processing both quantitative and qualitative
research data.
• Computer technology data bases supporting
nursing research emerged

22. Standards initiatives
• Nursing practice
• Nursing data
• Health care data standards

23. Nursing practice standards
• Developed and recommended by the ANA
• They recommended that nursing process
serve as a conceptual framework for the
documentation of nursing practice.
• Joint commission on accreditation of hospital
organizations which stressed the need for
adequate records on patients in hospitals
practice standards

24. Nursing data standard
• Emerged as a new requirements for EHR
• 13 nursing terminologies that have been
recognized by the ANA
• Critical care classification system
• Nursing information classification

25. Health care data standards
organizations
• It is a critical review the standards
organizations that have emerged to either
develop or recommend health care data
standards that should be recommended to the
federal government as required health care
data standards

26. Landmark events in nursing and
computers
• Introduced 35 years ago
• The landmark events were describe by the
following categories:
 early conferences, meetings
 Early academic initiatives
 Initial ANA initiatives
 Initial national league for nursing initiatives
 Early international initiatives
 Initial educational resources
 Significant collaborative events