Cosmetics - biological aspects , Hair & its structure , Hair growth cycle , Common problems related to oral cavity , Hair roots(roots are underground) , Hair shaft , Bad breath , Gum problems , Tooth decay , oral cancer , Leukoplakia , Tooth sensitivity

1. COSMETICS :
BIOLOGICALASPECTS

2. Contents
 Hair & its structure
 Hair growth cycle
 Common problems related to oral cavity

3. Structure of hair
 Hair is a simple structure & it is made up of protein filaments called keratin.
 Hair acts as a barrier to foreign particles .
Human hair is divided into two parts :
 Hair roots(roots are underground)-located below the epidermis
 Hair shaft – located above the epidermis

4. Structure of the hair root
 Hair follicle – tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root .
 Hair bulb – lowest part of a strand of hair ,thickened , club – shaped
 Dermal papilla – small , cone –shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that
fits into the hair bulb
 Arrector pili muscle – small , involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle , when it
contracts , we get goose bumps
 Sebaceous gland – oil glands in the skin that are connected to the hair follicles , secretes
sebum (fatty , oily substances )

5. Structure of the hair root

6. Structure of hair shaft
 Hair cuticle – outermost layer of hair , consist of
a single , overlapping layer of transparent , scale –
like cells , protects inner structure of hair , creates
shines and smoothness .
 Cortex – middle layer of the hair , 90% of total
hair weight comes from the cortex , elastically and
color are the result of protein in the cortex .
 Medulla – innermost layer of hair , generally only
thick , coarse hair contains a medulla , has no
known purpose .

7. Hair pigment
 Melanin: Melanin is the principal pigment responsible for the colour of human
hair, and acts as filter that decreases the harmful effects of ultraviolet light providing
protection against environmentally induced premature ageing.
 Types
• Eumelanin
• Pheomelanin
• Neuromelanin

8.  Keratin is a collagenous fibrous protein that make hair.
 Keratins have a molecular weight ranging from 40 to 70 kDa
 Types :
• Alpha-keratins
• Beta-keratins
Keratin

9. Hair growth
Types of hair found on the body are
 Lanungo hair
 Vellus hair
 Terminal hair

10. Hair growth cycle
The three stages of hair growth are :
1. Anagen phase
2. Catagen phase
3. Telogen phase
4. Exogen phase
 Each strand of hair on the human body is at its own stage of development
 Once the cycle is complete , it restarts and a new strand of hair begins to form
 The rate or speed of hair growth is about 1.25 centimeters or 0.5inches per month , or about
15 centimeters or 6 inches per year

12. 1) Anagen phase(growing phase )
 The Anagen phase is known as the growth phase . This is
the phase where the hair physically grows approximately
1cm per month
 It begins in the papilla and can last from two to six years .
The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth
is determined by genetics
 The longer the hair stays in the anagen phase , the longer
it will grow . During this phase , the cells in the papilla
divide to produce new hair fibers
 About 85% -90% of the hair on one’s head are in the
anagen phase at any given time .

13. 2) Catagen phase
 Following the anagen phase, the hair stops growing and
the hair follicle starts shrinking. This “regression” period
is called the catagen phase, also known as the transitional
phase .
 During the catagen phase the lower part of the hair follicle
slowly disintegrates, and the hair follicle requires less
nourishment from the blood supply.
 The structure of the hair bulb at the base of the follicle
disappears, and the dermal papilla cells separate from the
base of the follicle.
 The catagen phase for scalp hair follicles lasts about two
to three weeks

14. 3) Telogen phase
 Resting phase
 After catagen , the follicle begins a three to six
month phase of resting
 About 10% of hair is in telogen phase at one time
 After telogen , the cycle begins
 Entire growth cycle repeats itself every four to five
years .

15. 4) Exogen phase
 Recently added phase
 The process of hair shedding

16. Common problems of oral cavity

17. Common problems of oral cavity
 The excessive consumption of fried , spicy food , alcohol , smoking and drugs may
lead to oral problems .
 Following are the common oral health problems suffered by
1) Bad breath
2) Gum problems
3) Tooth decay
4) oral cancer
5) Leukoplakia
6) Tooth sensitivity

18. 1) Bad breath
 This is a humiliating problem that most people
suffer . According to research , it is revealed
that nearly 85% of person suffers from
persistent bad breath.
 Cause:
• Poor dental hygiene
• Infection in the mouth
• Respiratory tract infection
• External agents
• Dry mouth

19. 2) Gum problems
 Gum disease is an inflammation of the gum line.
 gum diseases are gingivitis , periodontitis and advanced periodontitis .
Cause :
 bacteria in plaque , a sticky , colorless film that constantly forms on teeth, cause gum
disease .
 If plaque is not removed it can harden and turn into tartar (calculus). Brushing or flossing
cannot remove tartar ,a dental professional will need to conduct a dental cleansing to
remove it

21. Treatment :
 A professional cleaning by dentist or dental hygienist is the only way to remove
plaque that has built up and hardened into tartar .
 A dental hygienist uses an ultrasonic scaling device to remove plaque , tartar and
food debris above and below the gum line.

22. 3) Tooth decay
 Tooth decay starts when food particulates remain stuck in the teeth. The food
particulate combine with sugar present in saliva , start producing acid in the teeth .
This acid production harms the teeth enamel and weakens the roots .
cause :
 when decay – causing bacteria come into contact with sugars and starches from food
and drinks , they form an acid . This acid can attach the tooth’s enamel causing it to
lose minerals . This can happen if you eat or drink often , especially foods and
drinks containing sugar and starches . The repeated cycles of these “acid attacks “
will cause the enamel to continue to lose minerals . Over the time , the enamel is
weakened and then destroyed , forming a cavity .

23. Treatment:
 dentist commonly treat cavities by filling them .
 A dentist will remove the decayed tooth tissue and the restore the tooth by filling it
with a filling material.

25. 4) Oral cancer
 Thousands of people suffer from this disease annually . Oral cancer affects mouth ,
lips and throat . Regular oral checkups and proper care may reduce down the
symptoms of oral cancer. Oral cancer appears as a growth in the mouth that does not
go away. Oral cancer , which includes cancers of the lips , tongue, cheeks , floor of
the mouth , hard and soft palate, sinuses , and pharynx(throat), can be life
threatening if not diagnosed and treated early .
Cause:
 Smoking, cigarette, cigar ,or pipe smokers are six times more likely than
nonsmokers to develop oral cancers .
 Smokeless tobacco users: users of dip, snuff, or chewing tobacco products are 50
times more likely to develop cancers of the cheek , gums , and lining of the lips.

26.  Excessive consumption of alcohol: oral cancers are about six times more common in
drinkers than in nondrinkers.
 Excessive sun exposure , especially at a young age .

27. Treatment :
 oral cancer is treated the same way many other cancers are treated with surgery
to remove the cancerous growth , followed by radiation therapy and or
chemotherapy (drug treatments).

28. 5) Leukoplakia
 Leukoplakia is a condition in which thick , white patches form on tongue and the
lining of mouth.
 Smoking is the most common cause .
 Mild leukoplakia is usually harmless
Cause :
 It’s primarily linked to tobacco use .
 Smoking is the most common cause , but chewing tobacco can also cause
leukoplakia .

29. treatment :
 Small patches can be removed by a more extensive biopsy using laser therapy or a
scalpel. Large leukoplagia patches require oral surgery .
 Hairy leukoplakia may not require removal . Dentist or doctor might prescribe
antiviral medications to help stop the patches from growing . Topical ointments
containing retinoic acid can also be used to reduce patch size.

30. 6) Sensitivity
 It is known as dentin hyper sensitivity –affects the tooth or exposed root surfaces .
This occurs when the enamel that protects our teeth gets thinner ,or when gum
recession occurs , exposing the underlying surface , the dentin , thus , reducing the
production the enamel and gums provide to the tooth and root .
Cause :
 hard toothbrush or brushing too aggressively
 Tooth erosion due to highly acidic foods and beverages
 Tooth erosion due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
 Gum recession that leaves your root surface exposed

31. Treatment :
 In addition to recommending toothpaste without high levels of abrasives , dentist
may prescribe an at-home , – on fluoride level toothpaste , desensitizing chewing
gum specially formulated to make teeth less sensitive and provide extra protection
against decay .
 Other treatments –such as fluoride varnishes – can be painted onto the teeth to
provide added protection.

32. References
 https://en.wikipedia ,org/wiki/human_hair_growth
 https://www.researchgate.net /publication /26586222_
cosmetics_and_skin__care_in_acne
 https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/53880.pdf