ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
Session 14: Ch 15 PowerPoint Presentation
1. Lecture Notes 15
Urinary System
Diseases and Disorders
Classroom Activity to Accompany
Diseases of the Human Body
Fifth Edition
Carol D. Tamparo Marcia A. Lewis
4. Common Signs and Symptoms of
Urinary System Diseases and Disorders
• Urinary changes; nocturia, hematuria,
dysuria, pyuria, urgency/frequency
• Pain in flank or lumbar region
• Fever
• Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
• Malaise, fatigue, lethargy
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5. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Description
• Common UTIs
• Cystitis: inflammation of bladder
• Urethritis: inflammation of urethra
• UTI is second most common type of bacterial
infection seen by providers (URI is first)
UT I = urinary tract infection; URI = upper respiratory infection.
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6. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Etiology
• Escherichia coli (most common), Proteus,
Klebsiella, Enterobacter & Serratia bacteria
• Urethritis may be caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Women ten times more susceptible than
men
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7. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Signs and symptoms
• Bacteriuria
• Dysuria
• Urinary frequency, urgency
• Pain above pubic area
• Cloudy, bloody, foul-smelling urine
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8. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Diagnostic procedures
• History of UTIs, recent catheterization,
change in sexual partners
• UA with C&S
• X-ray, CT scan, ultrasonography
UA = urinalysis; C&S = culture and sensitivity; CT = computed tomography.
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9. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Treatment
• Antibiotics or sulfa drugs (1-, 3-, or 7-day
course)
• Increased fluid intake
• Analgesics
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10. Cystitis and Urethritis
Complementary therapy
• Herbal tea from goldenseal or uva-ursi
• Drink pure cranberry or blueberry juice
Client communication
• Explain medications and complications from
untreated UTIs
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11. Cystitis and Urethritis
• Prognosis
• Without complications, good
• Reinfections likely in susceptible persons
• Prevention
• Don’t “hold urine”
• Proper feminine hygiene
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12. Cystitis and Urethritis
• UTIs are the second most common
infection after _____ infection.
1. respiratory
2. gastrointestinal
3. pharyngeal
4. vaginal
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13. Pyelonephritis (Acute)
• Description
• Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
due to infection
• Infection can result in destruction or scarring
of renal tissue, impairing kidney function
• Most common type of kidney disease
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14. Glomerulonephritis (Acute)
• Description
• Inflammation of glomeruli in kidney’s
nephrons causes the rate of blood filtration to
be reduced
• Water and salt is retained; both kidneys
affected
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15. Glomerulonephritis (Acute)
• Etiology
• Often unknown
• Usually from infection elsewhere in the body
• Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
(APSGN); other bacteria, viruses, parasites,
may be causal
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18. Glomerulonephritis (Acute)
• Treatment
• Dependent upon cause
• Supportive; rest
• Diuretics or ACE inhibitors
• Antibiotics for underlying infection
• Restrict salt, protein, fluids
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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19. Glomerulonephritis (Acute)
Complementary therapy
• None
Client communication
• Refer to dietitian
• National Kidney Foundation list of
resources
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21. Renal Calculi
• Description
• Uroliths, kidney stones
• Most common cause of urinary obstruction
• Concentration of mineral salts in calyx,
urinary tract
• Like a grain of sand or very large
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22. Renal Calculi
• Etiology
• Calculi form from imbalance between preventing
water loss and eliminating mineral wastes
• Dehydration, immobilization, excessive intake of
vitamin D, calcium
• Gout, Cushing syndrome, UTI, neoplasms
• Genetic; more men than women affected
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23. Renal Calculi
• Signs and symptoms
• Asymptomatic
• Intense flank and back pain
• Urinary urgency if lodged in ureter
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever, chills, hematuria
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24. Renal Calculi
• Diagnostic procedures
• History and physical examination; familial
tendencies
• UA
• Noncontrast spiral CT scan
• Abdominal or KUB x-ray
KUB = kidney, ureter, and bladder.
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26. Renal Calculi
Complementary therapy
• Eight or more glasses of water/day
• High-fiber, low-fat diet
• Vitamin, mineral supplements
• Relaxation techniques
Client communication
• Stress proper diet and fluid intake
• Completing medication therapy
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27. Renal Calculi
• Prognosis
• Good if urinary tract obstruction is prevented;
recurrence 60%
• Prevention
• Adequate fluid intake
• Drink pure cranberry and blueberry juice
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28. Renal Calculi
• Renal calculi are also known as
1. bladder stones
2. hepatic stones
3. gallbladder stones
4. kidney stones
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29. Hydronephrosis
• Description
• Distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of
a kidney due to pressure from accumulating
fluid
• Pressure impairs and eventually interrupts
kidney function
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30. Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Description
• Developmental defect of the collecting
tubules
• Tubules do not empty properly; swell into
multiple, grapelike, fluid-filled sacs (cysts)
impairing kidney function
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37. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
• Description
• Result of chronic renal failure
• Gradual, progressive kidney deterioration
causes urea and creatinine to accumulate in
blood to toxic levels
• Affects all organs
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40. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
• Diagnostic procedures
• History and physical examination
• Blood tests with elevated serum creatinine,
nitrogen, potassium
• Hypertension
• Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
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41. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
• Treatment
• Dialysis (peritoneal, hemodialysis, CRRT)
and kidney transplantation only treatment
• Relieve symptoms, slow deterioration of
renal function, guard against complications
• Dietary restrictions of protein, salt, potassium
CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy.
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42. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
Complementary therapy
• None
Client communication
• Educate regarding “kidney friendly diet”
• Educate about dialysis and transplant
• Support client, family
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43. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
• Prognosis
• Variable yet poor
• Kidney failure, uremia, and eventual death
• Prevention
• None known
• Prompt treatment of underlying disorders, chronic
kidney disease
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44. End-Stage Renal Disease
(ESRD)
• The leading cause of ESRD is
1. diabetes mellitus
2. renal calculi
3. diabetes insipidus
4. staphylococcus
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45. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Description
• Any loss or impairment of bladder function
• Caused by CNS injury or by damage to
nerves supplying the bladder
• Manifests as incontinence or feeling of full
bladder
CNS = central nervous system.
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46. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Etiology
• Most frequent cause is trauma to the spinal
cord
• May also be due to multiple sclerosis,
dementia, Parkinson disease, chronic
alcoholism, heavy-metal poisoning,
metabolic disorders, UTIs, kidney stones,
and enlarged prostate
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47. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Signs and symptoms
• Mild to severe urinary incontinence
• Inability to empty bladder completely
• Difficulty in stopping or starting voiding
• Bladder spasms
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48. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Diagnostic procedures
• History and physical examination;
neurological evaluation
• Cystourethrography
• Urine flow study
• Sphincter electromyography
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49. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Treatment
• Prevent UTI complications
• Learning bladder control techniques
• Credé method
• Intermittent self-catheterization
• Bladder relaxation medications
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50. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
Complementary therapy
• Biofeedback may be useful for teaching bladder
control
Client communication
• Educate about bladder control techniques
• Emotional support for both client and family
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51. Neurogenic or Overactive
Bladder
• Prognosis
• Dependent upon extent of nerve damage
• Complications are UTIs, renal calculi,
hydronephrosis, or renal failure
• Prevention
• None known
• Prompt treatment of underlying disorders
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52. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
• Description
• Also known as renal cell adenocarcinoma
• Most common type of kidney cancer
• Usually grows as a single mass
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53. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
• Etiology
• Cause unknown
• Risk factors include obesity, hypertension,
long-term dialysis, exposure to chemicals
and irritants
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54. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
• Signs and symptoms
• Hematuria
• Flank pain that does not go away
• Lump or mass in abdomen
• Weight loss
• Fever
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56. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
• Treatment
• Dependent upon stage and spread of the cancer
• Partial or complete nephrectomy
• Arterial embolization
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
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57. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
Complementary therapy
• Acupuncture, meditation, relaxation techniques to
boost traditional treatment
Client
• Educate about maintaining nutritious diet
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58. Renal Cell Carcinoma
(Kidney Cancer)
• Prognosis
• Dependent upon spread of cancer
• 5-year survival is 60% to 70%; if spread to
lymph and other organs, 5-year survival is
less than 5%
• Prevention
• Avoid risk factors
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59. Credits
Publisher: Margaret Biblis
Acquisitions Editor: Andy McPhee
Developmental Editor: Yvonne Gillam, Julie Munden
Backgrounds: Joseph John Clark, Jr.
Production Manager: Sam Rondinelli
Manager of Electronic Product Development: Kirk Pedrick
Electronic Publishing: Frank Musick
The publisher is not responsible for errors of omission or for consequences from application of information in this presentation,
and makes no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to its content. Any practice described in this presentation should be
applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used with regard to the unique circumstances that
may apply in each situation.
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