The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, and other substances to and from cells in the body. It consists of the cardiovascular system, which circulates blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It has two circuits: pulmonary circulation through the lungs, and systemic circulation through the rest of the body. The lymphatic system transports excess fluid filtered from blood and returns it to the bloodstream.

2. Circulatory system
-----is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids,
electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, bloods, cells, etc. to and from cells
in the body to help fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to
maintain homeostasis.
This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but
some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular
system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which returns
excess filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as
lymph.
The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing
an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to get returned to the blood.
Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph.
Lymph is essentially recycled blood plasma after it has been filtered from the
blood cells and returned to the lymphatic system.
The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular (from
Latin words meaning 'heart'-'vessel') system. The lymph, lymph nodes, and
lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the
lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system.

3. Human cardiovascular system
The main components of the human cardiovascular system are the
heart, blood, and blood vessels. It includes: the pulmonary circulation, a
"loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic
circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated
blood.
An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters)
of blood, which consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to
provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.

4. Pulmonary Circulation
The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the
cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away
from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned,
oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.
Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava, enters the right
atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right
atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then
pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary
artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO2 is
released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein
returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Systemic Circulation
Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which
transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the
body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic
circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation,
transporting blood to every part of the body.

5. View from the front, which means the right side of the
heart is on the left of the diagram (and vice-versa)

6. Coronary circulation
The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the
heart. As it provides oxygenated blood to the heart, it is by definition a
part of the systemic circulatory system.
Heart
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one
atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic
and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left
atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium
is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart.
The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated
(poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and
removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated
blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into
the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the
different organs of the body.

7. Oxygen transportation
About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a
healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically
combined with haemoglobin molecules.
About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids
and not connected to haemoglobin. The haemoglobin molecule is the
primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species.

8. Measurement techniques
Electrocardiogram—for cardiac electrophysiology
Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope—for blood pressure
Pulse meter—for cardiac function (heart rate, rhythm, dropped beats)
Pulse—commonly used to determine the heart rate in absence of certain cardiac
pathologies
Heart rate variability -- used to measure variations of time intervals between
heart beats
Nail bed blanching test—test for perfusion
Vessel cannula or catheter pressure measurement—pulmonary wedge pressure or
in older animal experiments.

9. Other vertebrates
Two-chambered heart of a fish
The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids(for
example, earthworms) and cephalopods(squids, octopuses and relatives) are
closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds
show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system.
In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped
through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues.
This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single
pump (consisting of two chambers).
In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but
the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a
three-chambered heart.

10. Heart
The human heart is about the size of a clenched fist. It contains four
chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium through a major vein called
the vena cava. The blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle.
Next, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
for gas exchange. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein.
The oxygen-rich blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the
left ventricle, from which it is pumped through a major artery, the aorta. Two
valves called semilunar valves are found in the pulmonary artery and aorta.

11. The ventricles contract about 70 times per minute, which represents a
person's pulse rate. Blood pressure, in contrast, is the pressure exerted against
the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is measured by noting the height to
which a column of mercury can be pushed by the blood pressing against the
arterial walls.
A normal blood pressure is a height of 120 millimeters of mercury
during heart contraction ( systole), and a height of 80 millimeters of mercury
during heart relaxation ( diastole). Normal blood pressure is usually expressed
as “120 over 80.”
Coronary arteries
------ supply the heart muscle with blood. The heart is controlled by nerves
that originate on the right side in the upper region of the atrium at the
sinoatrial node. This node is called the pacemaker.
It generates nerve impulses that spread to the atrioventricular node
where the impulses are amplified and spread to other regions of the heart by
nerves called Purkinje fibers.

12. Blood
Blood is the medium of transport in the body. The fluid portion of the
blood, the plasma, is a straw-colored liquid composed primarily of water. All the
important nutrients, the hormones, and the clotting proteins as well as the waste
products are transported in the plasma. Red blood cells and white blood cells are
also suspended in the plasma. Plasma from which the clotting proteins have been
removed is serum.
Red blood cells
Red blood cells are erythrocytes. These are disk-shaped cells produced
in the bone marrow. Red blood cells have no nucleus, and their cytoplasm is filled
with hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is a red-pigmented protein that binds loosely to oxygen atoms and
carbon dioxide molecules. It is the mechanism of transport of these substances.
(Much carbon dioxide is also transported as bicarbonate ions.) Hemoglobin also
binds to carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, this binding is irreversible, so it often
leads to carbon-monoxide poisoning.

13. A red blood cell circulates for about 120 days and is then destroyed
in the spleen, an organ located near the stomach and composed primarily of
lymph node tissue. When the red blood cell is destroyed, its iron component
is preserved for reuse in the liver.
The remainder of the hemoglobin converts to bilirubin. This amber
substance is the chief pigment in human bile, which is produced in the liver.
Red blood cells commonly have immune-stimulating
polysaccharides called antigens on the surface of their cells. Individuals
having the A antigen have blood type A (as well as anti-B antibodies);
individuals having the B antigen have blood type B (as well as anti-A
antibodies); individuals having the A and B antigens have blood type AB (but
no anti-A or anti-B antibodies); and individuals having no antigens have
blood type O (as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies).

14. White blood cells
White blood cells are referred to as leukocytes. They are generally
larger than red blood cells and have clearly defined nuclei. They are also
produced in the bone marrow and have various functions in the body.
Certain white blood cells called lymphocytes are essential
components of the immune system. Other cells called neutrophils and
monocytes function primarily as phagocytes; that is, they attack and engulf
invading microorganisms.
About 30 percent of the white blood cells are lymphocytes, about
60 percent are neutrophils, and about 8 percent are monocytes. The
remaining white blood cells are eosinophils and basophils. Their functions
are uncertain; however, basophils are believed to function in allergic
responses.

15. Platelets
Platelets are small disk-shaped blood fragments produced in the bone
marrow. They lack nuclei and are much smaller than erythrocytes. Also known
technically as thrombocytes, they serve as the starting material for blood
clotting.
The platelets adhere to damaged blood vessel walls, and
thromboplastin is liberated from the injured tissue. Thromboplastin, in turn,
activates other clotting factors in the blood. Along with calcium ions and other
factors, thromboplastin converts the blood protein prothrombin into thrombin.
Thrombin then catalyzes the conversion of its blood protein fibrinogen
into a protein called fibrin, which forms a patchwork mesh at the injury site.
As blood cells are trapped in the mesh, a blood clot forms.

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