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Evidence Against Simulation Hypothesis
1.
Evidence Against the Simulation
Hypothesis © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 1 Peter Morgan
2.
What Is the
Simulation Hypothesis? The Simulation Hypothesis (SH) is the speculation that the observable universe is a simulation created by a superior being, much in the same way that we currently produce realistic 3D video games or environments It is not a new theory - it recently gained attention by Elon Musk saying on National TV that he’s pretty sure we are living in a simulation [1] Essentially we can assign a probability of the SH being correct between 0 and 1. 0 means that the universe is absolutely certainly not a simulation, and 1 means that the universe is a simulation with 100% certainty So 0 < P[SH is true] < 1 Different people assign different values to the simulation hypothesis being true [2] © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 2
3.
Arguments For &
Against People who believe that the SH may be true argue that it is likely because, just as we create video games, so we can extrapolate to a time in the future whereby, with enough compute power, we could simulate our entire universe To disprove the SH we (scientists) have to show why this cannot happen The laws of physics, including computation and energy conservation, are a good place to start [3], [4] We will need to understand what computation and information processing entail © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 3
4.
The Scientific Method
– Appeal to Reason It’s easy to say something is possible, harder to do the physics (aka anybody can say anything, but this certainly does not make it true) Note on the scientific method – a hypothesis is as powerful as the testable predictions that it makes You can never prove a theory right, only disprove it What we can do, however, is to show that something is so unlikely that it is effectively impossible, and that other theories are therefore, much more likely to be correct For example, the big bang theory of creation is currently much more likely to be the correct theory of creation than the simulation hypothesis © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 4
5.
What is Needed
Computationally To disprove the SH, we need to show that it is physically impossible (or exceedingly unlikely) to create a universe such as ours by computational means What would it take to recreate our universe down to the scale (granularity) currently measured by particle accelerators, or smaller? d < 10TeV ~ 10^-19m And up to the large scale structure of our universe (approx. 46 billion light-years, or 5 x 10^23km) Not to mention the creation of sentient beings (us) who can think intelligently about such a hypothesis. © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 5
6.
Computation in the
Biosphere There are approximately 10^80 atoms in the universe. Many of these are arranged into very complex organic systems, or living organisms. These include humans, animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses We can estimate how many of these atoms are involved in living organisms. And then calculate the processing power required to simulate all life in our biosphere In humans, there are approximately 10 trillion cells. Multiply this by the number of humans on Earth (10 billion, order of magnitude) There are approximately 10 million species in all five classes of life [5] Estimate that on average there are 10 billion cells in each of these species (I have taken 0.1% of the number of cells in a human) We then have 10^13 x 10^10 x 10^7 x 10^10 = 10^40 cells total for all the life on Earth (in the biosphere) Another way at getting at this is by estimating the number of atoms in an average adult human which is around 10^28 [6], but here we will follow the cellular approach. © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 6
7.
Computation in the
Biosphere How much compute power (TFlops, memory) is needed to simulate the 10^40 cells involved in life on Earth? We can get an idea by estimating the total DNA in the Earth’s biosphere. From [7]: "Finding the amount of DNA in the biosphere enables an estimate of the computational speed of the biosphere, in terms of the number of bases transcribed per second, or Nucleotide Operations Per Second (NOPS), analogous to the Floating-point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) metric used in electronic computing If all the DNA in the biosphere was being transcribed at these reported rates, taking an estimated transcription rate of 30 bases per second, then the potential computational power of the biosphere would be approximately 10^24 PetaNOPS This is about 10^22 times more processing power than the Tianhe-2 supercomputer [8], which has a processing power on the order of 100 PetaFLOPS." © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 7
8.
Computation in the
Biosphere © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 8 Figure 1 – DNA Computation Equivalence
9.
Space and Power
Requirements How much space would 10^22 Tianhe-2's take up? Let's say that a Tianhe-2 supercomputer takes up an area of 100m^2 We would then need 10^24m^2 of space The surface area of the Earth is 5 x 10^14m^2, so we would need the surface area of 10 billion Earths just to calculate the DNA computations on Earth given the current state of HPC How much power would we need? Let's say that Tianhe-2 uses 25MWh. We would then need 10^22 x 2.5 x 10^7 MWh = 2.5 x 10^17 TWh of power The current electricity generation capacity of Earth is around 2.5 x 10^16 TWh [9], so we would need 10X the entire Earths' electricity generation capacity given current HPC energy performance © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 9
10.
Life on Other
Planets The above calculations are just for life here on Earth. What if there is life elsewhere in the universe, which recent Exoplanet observations indicate the potential for? Let's say there are 1 billion planets with life in the Milky Way and that, on average, they contain a similar amount of life in their biospheres as Earth We need to multiply 10^40 by 10^9 x 10^11 (there are 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe) to give us a figure of 10^60 cells in the universe This is 10^20 times more computation than was needed in the calculations for life on Earth alone It is hard for us to imagine another universe existing with the computational resources (hardware, energy) required to make such an elaborate simulation of this universe © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 10
11.
High Energy Cosmic
Rays Paper by physicists at the University of Washington examining the limits to the SH [10] Observable consequences of the hypothesis that the observed universe is a numerical simulation performed on a cubic space-time lattice or grid are explored Assumption: simulations of the future employ an underlying cubic lattice structure Are there any signatures of a simulated universe that might be experimentally detectable? One proposed signature is in the anisotropy of high energy cosmic rays (Note – the GZK limit is the theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic rays) © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 11
12.
Conclusions The above
calculations are just for DNA replications of all organisms. There are other processes and interactions occurring here on Earth and in the universe, that would require further orders of magnitude more computational resource No evidence whatsoever from experimental probes so far In conclusion, the SH is extremely unlikely to be correct In principle there always remains the possibility for the simulated to discover the simulators © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 12
13.
References [1] Elon
Musk believes we are probably characters in some advanced civilization's video game http://www.vox.com/2016/6/2/11837608/elon-musk-simulation-argument [2] Are You Living In a Computer Simulation? http://www.simulation-argument.com/ [3] Lloyd, Seth, Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation, Nature, 406,1047, 1999 https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043 [4] Wolfram, Stephen, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002 [5] How many species are there on Earth? https://www.sciencedaily.com/rel.../2011/08/110823180459.htm © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 13
14.
References [6] How
many atoms are in the human body? https://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_04.html [7] Landenmark et al, An estimate of the total DNA in the biosphere, PLOS Biology, 2015 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbi o.1002168 [8] Tianhe-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 [9] BP Energy Review 2016 https://www.bp.com/.../statistical.../electricity.html [10] Beane et al, Constraints on the Universe as a Numerical Simulation, 2012 https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1847v2 © Peter Morgan Oct 2017 14
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