2. 3 Lines of Body Defense
s Nonspecific surface defenses
s Non specific interior defenses
s Immune defenses (specific)
®B cell antibodies
®T-cell cytotoxicity
s Immune Recognition ----> Immune
Activation --> Immune Response
3. Organs & Vessels of Immune
System
s Primary Immune organs
® Bonemarrow - B cell differentiation
® Thymus - T cell differentiation
s Secondary Lymphoid Organs
® Lymph Nodes -Appendix
® Spleen -Peyer’s patches
® Tonsils -Adenoids
s Lymphatic circulation
® Lymph & Thoracic duct
4. Types of Lymphocytes
s B Cells - Humoral Immunity
® Effector
B Cells --Antibody production
® Plasma Cells -- mass Ab production
® Memory B Cells -- Antigen recognition
s T cells -Cellular Immunity
® T4 cells - Helper T cells -Immunoregulation
® T8 cells - Cytotoxic T cells - Killer cells
- Suppressor T cells - dampen I.R.
s Non T Non B cells
® Natural Killer celle (NK cells )
5. Types of Immunity
s Active - product of individuals own immune
system
s Passive - antibodies produced elsewhere are
given to the individual
® Naturally Acquired Active - acquired infection
® Artificially Acquired active - Vaccine
® Naturally Acquired Passive - mother to fetus
® Artificially Acquired Passive - injection from
donor
6. Common Terminologies
s Antigen Recognition
s Antigen presenting cells
s Antigen- Antibody Binding
s B-cell Activation - Lymphokines
s Reactivation
s B cell Response
s Cytotoxicity
s Immunoregulation
7. Lymphokines & its sources
s Interleukin-1 - macrophage & B cells
s Interleukin 2 - T cells, NK cells
s Interleukin 3, 4, 5 - T cells
s Interleukin 6 - T cells & macrophages
s Gamma Interferon - T cells, NK cells
s Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) -
Cytotoxic T cells
8. 5 Classes of Antibodies
s IgG - Monomer - 75 %
secondary immune response
s IgA - Monomer/dimer - 15 - 20%
prevents viral attachment
s IgM - Pentamer -5%
early Ab in primary immune response
s IgD - Monomer - < 1%
poorly understood, helps lymphocyte growth
s IgE -Monomer -< 0.01%
cell degranulation when binding to antigen
9. Immunologic disorders
s Type 1 -Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
® Insectsting, hay fever, asthma , food allergy
® Immediate reaction within 20 minutes
® involves IgE
® Epinephrine, antihistamine (desensitization)
s Type 2 - Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
® Transfusion rxns. Rh disease, Graves disease
® variable reaction time
® involves IgG, IgM variable treatment
10. Immunologic Disorders (2)
s Type 3 - Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
® SLE, RA, farmers lung disease, serum sickness
® variable reaction time & treatment (steroids)
® involves IgG, IgM
s Type 4 - Cell Mediated hypersensitivity
® delayed type 12 hours to several weeks
® organ transplantation, poison ivy, granulomatous
infection
® no Ig involved
11. Common Immunologic
Problems
s ABO system - transfusion reaction
s Rh system - hemolytic disease of
newborn
s Crossmatch reactions
s Organ Transplantations
s Tissue Grafting & rejection
® Graftversus host
® Host versus graft
12. Types of Grafts
s Autograft - self
® skin ( no rejection)
s Isograft - same e.g. twins
® bone marrow (no rejection)
s Allograft - different
® bone marrow, kidney, heart , lung, cornea
s Xenograft - foreign
® Babboon’s heart
13. Immunologic disorders:
s Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
s x-linked Agammaglobulinemia
s DiGeorge’s syndrome
s AIDS
s Chronic granulomatous disease
s C5 dysfunction
