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한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점 따기 Mooc (3)
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한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점 따기 Mooc (3)
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1 한국에서 아이비리그대학 학점따기/MOOC “Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free . . . .” Article 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Right "If we teach today's students as we did yesterday's, we are robbing them of tomorrow." John Dewey “The competition inherent in the gadarene rush to offer MOOCs will createa sea change by obliging participating institutions to revisit their missions and focus on teaching quality and students as never before.” Sir John Daniel, 2012 MOOCs as a Game Change Page 1 of
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2 1. MOOC ? 1.1. Major Players in the MOOC Universe 1. 1. 1. Udacity 1. 1. 2. Coursera 1. 1. 3. EdX 1. 1. 4. MOOC2Degree 1. 2. MOOC 수업 구성 1. 2. 1. 강의 1. 2. 2.시험 1. 2. 3. 학점(Credit) 1. 2. 4. 커뮤니티 1. 2. 5. MOOC 을 통한 미국대학교육 혁명 2. OER(Open Education Resources/무료교육자료) 2.1. OCW 2.2. OER 2.3. iTunes U 2.4. Khan Academy 2.5. MOOC Page 2 of
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3 a. In what way is a MOOC a course?/대학정규강의/강의&시험&점수&수료증 b. In what way is a MOOC online?/온라인강의 & 오프라인 스타디그룹&감독하에 최종시험 c. In what way is a MOOC open?/무료화 & 민주화 & 지적재산권 해제 d. In what way is a MOOC massive?/강의당 수만명 수강 3. MOOC 대학교육혁명 3.1. 미국대학혁명 3. 1. 1. 학점인정 a. MOOC2Degree b. San Jose Uni. c. Georgia Tech 3. 1. 2. 법제화 3. 1. 3. 일자리 연결 3. 1. 4. MOOC 에 대한 비판과 저항 3.2. 대학입시 스펙 4. 세계 각국의 MOOC United Kingdom MOOC France MOOC Page 3 of
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4 Spain MOOC Australia MOOC Independent MOOCs 5. MOOC 수강후기 참고문헌 Page 4 of
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5 1. MOOC ? MOOC Symposium ay the MOFET institute/by Dalit Levy on Jul 04, 2013 Page 5 of
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6 MOOC Symposium ay the MOFET institute/by Dalit Levy on Jul 04, 2013 MOOC 강의제공 경험담 4 Professors Discuss Teaching Free Online Courses for Thousands of Students It is also exciting to see students forming communities within the discussion forums, to help one another with questions about content or technology. Our more ambitious students have developed study guides. Some selfidentified writingandcommunication instructors have formed their own forum, to consider how they can use our course to teach their own students. The most rewarding aspect of the course is the weekly “Hangout” session, livestreamed using Google Air. We invite students to join the discussions and ask questions. Finally, I get to know some of my students! So, what hasn’t gone as planned? Certainly some things do not translate from a traditional classroom course to a MOOC. Our team realized quickly that we needed to do a better job crosslinking material on the course site. For example, if we mention the syllabus, we must link to it. Some students, we have learned, want a great deal of guidance. MOOCs and the student experience of blended learning Page 6 of
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7 And when you do embark on a MOOC, you can have a good learning experience by considering some of the tips and strategies other students and teachers have shared here. Of course, MOOC formats may differ from one platform to another, but on the major platforms you can expect to find more than video lectures. They usually offer discussion forums, quizzes, peer grading exercises, exams and readings to guide you through the content. Additionally, students are inspired to create study groups and networks online (on Facebook, for example), or even offline through the MeetUp website. Most courses provide a syllabus with a schedule and detailed explanations about the content. Two Cheers for Web U! I’m getting Ivy League (or Ivy League equivalent) wisdom free. Anyone can, whether you live in South Dakota or Senegal, whether it’s noon or 5 a.m., whether you’re broke or a billionaire. Professors from Harvard, M.I.T. and dozens of other schools prerecord their lectures; you watch them online and take quizzes at your leisure. The MOOC classrooms are growing at Big Bang rates: more than five million students worldwide have registered for classes in topics ranging from physics to history to aboriginal worldviews. Page 7 of
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8 It creates a strange paradox: these professors are simultaneously the most and least accessible teachers in history. And it’s not the only tension inherent in MOOCs. MOOC boosters tend to speak of these global online classes as if they are the greatest educational advancement since the Athenian agora, highlight in their potential to lift millions of people out of poverty.Skeptics — including the blogger and University of California, Berkeley, doctoral student Aaron Bady — worry that MOOCs will offer a watereddown education, give politicians an excuse to gut state school budgets, and harm less prestigious colleges and universities. 1.1. Major Players in the MOOC Universe Page 8 of
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9 Coursera Khan Academy Udacity edX This forprofit MOOC founded by Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller has teamed Salman Khan made waves when he quit his This forprofit MOOC, started by Harvard and MIT put up the original $60million to Page
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10 up with 62 colleges (and counting) for its classes. The company is experimenting with a career service that makes money by connecting employers to its students, and attracted $22million in venture capital in its first year. job as a hedgefund analyst to record short video lectures on everything from embryonic stem cells to—you guessed it—hedge funds and venture capital. the Stanford professor Sebastian Thrun, works with individual professors to offer courses. By March 2013, Udacity had raised more than $21million in venture capital. start this nonprofit MOOC. So far, students can take classes only from Harvard, MIT, and UC Berkeley, but classes from nine more universities are coming soon. 1. 1. 1.
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11 What is Udacity? We're on a mission to bring accessible, affordable, engaging and highly effective higher education to the world. We believe that higher education is a basic human right, and we seek to empower our students to advance their education and careers. What is a Udacity course like? Udacity courses are highly interactive with activities, quizzes, and exercises interspersed between short videos and talks by instructors and industry experts. You can take the courses at your own pace, there are no Page 11 of
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12 deadlines. You can rewatch the videos at any time and and retake quizzes, if you wish. Usually after a lesson you will have a problem set with exercises that will help you to determine if you have learned the material taught in that lesson. These exercises will count towards your mastery level. See the Mastery section in this FAQ for more information on how that works. How much does it cost? All of our courses are available to take for free. However, there is a forcredit path for some of our courses, which is clearly indicated on each course overview page. You can learn more in this FAQ. The content of the class is the same for both options. The primary difference between forcredit and free classes are the support services and proctored exams that are part of the credit pathway. What languages are Udacity courses available in? All of our courses are closed captioned in English. Many of our courses have subtitles available in many different languages, including Spanish, Chinese, French, Portuguese and even less widespread languages such as Croatian. To see coursespecific information, go to the course's overview page and click on the "cc" button on the video. To help us translate our videos, join the Udacity team on Amara. How can I get the most out of Udacity courses? To get the most out of any Udacity course, it's important to be an active learner. Take lessons as often as possible and be sure to do the exercises! It's also great to practice and engage with other students through the forums or meetups. Applying what you learn through different projects will Page 12 of
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13 also be vital to your learning. When does each course begin? There is no official start date for courses; all classes are open enrollment, which enables you to take the course on your own time. Some of our newer courses may open for enrollment in advance when the course may not yet be available, but we will keep you updated about those start dates if you sign up for the course. How many courses do you offer? Check out a full list of our courses here: http://www.udacity.com/courses How long is a Udacity course available? In most cases, Udacity classes are always available once they have launched. Are there deadlines within each course? Nope. Udacity courses have no deadlines; you can take these courses at your own pace. Can I enroll in more than one class? Page 13 of
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14 Yes! Enroll in as many classes as you like, but know that each course is about the equivalent amount of coursework to an undergraduate course. What are the rules on collaboration? Working with other students is often the best way to learn new things. We hope students in the class will form vibrant communities, both online and inperson, to help each other learn. The key is to use collaboration as a way to enhance learning, not as a way of sharing answers without understanding them. You are welcome (and encouraged) to view the lectures with others, and discuss and work together on answering the inlecture quizzes. For the problem sets, you may discuss the questions with other students in the online forums and inperson study groups, but everything you submit should be your own work. For the final exam, you are not permitted to work with anyone else, and should only ask clarification questions on the online forums. What are my testing options? We have different options for our courses. For all courses, there will be final assessments that you can take on your own. For courses that need to be proctored (in order for you to receive credit or certification), we have both proctored exam at a Pearson VUE testing center and online proctored exam on our site. We can also provide a "testing kit" to any institution for a low fee if they are interested in providing proctored exams on our courses. Please look at your specific courses to see options available. Where do I go to find official testing centers? Page 14 of
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15 To find a testing center, visit this page from Pearson VUE Are there assignments? Yes. To learn any subject, it is important to solve problems on your own. Each course includes a number of problem sets. There are no due dates for these and they will be similar to the inclass quizzes. You will receive instant feedback on these questions and you can try them as many times as you like. How will my final grade be determined? Your final grade will be determined by your exam grade. How do I get answers to questions I have related to the courses? We love to see an active academic community, so we encourage you to post your question to the course forum. One of your peers will likely provide an adequate answer, but if not, one of our course managers will chime in. Mastery / Certificates / Credits What is mastery? Mastery points (coming soon) are earned when you complete certain questions correctly in a course. Some questions may be worth more points than others. Each class has a different distribution of mastery points, often they appear in Problem Sets and Open Exams. You can see Page 15 of
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16 where you can earn mastery points in the course details on the My Courses page after you have enrolled. Mastery levels are achievement targets for each course. Courses have four different mastery levels, which are reached by accumulating mastery points. In the course details on the My Courses page you can see how many mastery points you will need to reach each mastery level. How do I get a certificate? Once you have achieved at least level 1 mastery in a course, you can download your certificate from the course section in My Courses page. When you achieve a higher mastery level, you can redownload the updated certificate. How do I get credit? We have different options for our courses. For all courses, there will be final assessments that you can take on your own to earn mastery and receive our certificates. These are free and do not give you college credit. For courses provided together with our partner organizations you have to refer to the FAQ of the particular organization. These tests might be for a fee and might provide you with a path to receive credit for them. For CS101 you can opt in for a proctored exam for a fee at a Pearson VUE testing center. To find a testing center, visit this page from Pearson VUE. How does online proctoring work? Exams will be proctored online by ProctorU for those enrolled for credit through SJSU. There will still be exams (unproctored) for students taking the open course. The final exam will be posted no later than May 22, 2013. Page 16 of
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17 Community FORUMS How do I use the forums? If you're new to the forums, welcome. The forums are where you can post any ideas and thoughts you have about the course, ask questions, and receive feedback from other students. The forum is an important social element of the classroom where the priority is a friendly, open atmosphere that allows students to ask questions freely. We encourage free flowing conversation. If you're uncomfortable about posting in English, you are encouraged to post in your own language rather than not post at all. What is the forum? A classroom where learning is the goal. A place where people can ask questions and help each other out. A place where people can express their feelings about the course and get support and encouragement. A place where extra information relating to the course can be shared A place where students can contact other students to form study. groups, arrange hangouts and learn together. A place where people can get feedback about their co서로 비슷한 게시물을 올리는 것은 괜찮습니다. 비슷한 질문을 올de from their fellow students. What should I NOT do in the forums? Page 17 of
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18 Post a full solution when somebody just asked for a hint. Vote down questions where someone asks for help, or tell them their question is stupid, or they shouldn't have asked it. Any other behavior which creates an atmosphere where people are unwilling to post. What should I post? Problem set code using the special spoiler tag. It's ok to post it even if someone else has posted a similar post no one should be afraid to ask someone to look at their code even if someone else asked a similar question. Guide people on how to search the forums try to provide a link to a useful post, and say what you used to find it as it can be hard to use the right search terms when you're unfamiliar with the terminology. Clarify what the homework is asking. How do I thank someone for their answer? Upvote their post by clicking the thumbs up button on the left side of the post. Accept their answer You can accept an answer by pressing the check mark on the left side, below the thumbs icons. This is helpful so others can see that you're happy with an answer and so they don't need to answer it again. It also shows the poster they've done a good job in helping you. Let people know they've helped you with a comment or answer in the thread saying thanks Who moderates this community? This forum is moderated by the students, as well as official Udacity Page 18 of
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19 representatives, who can be recognized by two diamonds next to their name. The community features a karma system that allows users to earn rights to perform a variety of moderation tasks. How does the karma system work? When a question or answer is upvoted, the student who posted it will gain "karma points". These points serve as a rough measure of the community's trust in him/her. Various moderation tasks are gradually assigned to students based on those points. For example, if you ask an interesting question or give a helpful answer, your input will be upvoted. On the other hand, if the answer is misleading, it will be downvoted. Each vote in favor generates 15 points, each vote against subtracts one points. There is a limit of 200 points that can be accumulated per question or answer. The table below explains karma requirements for each type of moderation task: add comments > 1 retag questions > 500 edit any answer > 2000 delete any comment > 10,000 What is a gravatar? Gravatar means globally recognized avatar your unique avatar image is associated with your email address. It's simply a picture that shows up next to your posts on the websites that support gravatar protocol. The default gravatar appears as a square filled with a snowflakelike figure. You can set your image at gravatar.com. It takes a few minutes for your gravatar to sync with your account. How come other people can edit my questions/answers? Allowing experienced members of this community to curate the questions and answers improves the overall quality of the knowledge base content. If this approach is not for you, we respect your choice. Page 19 of
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20 MEETUPS What's the best way to organize a study group? Study groups can be organized any way you'd like. You can form online study groups through Google Hangouts or any similar platform or arrange for an in person meetup. What's the best way to organize a meetup? Meetups are already being organized. To see which ones currently exists click here. Feel free to organize a meetup in your area if one doesn't already exist. Career What companies do Udacity students work for? Our students work for a variety of companies from Fortune 500 companies, like Google and Oracle, to startups like Square and Spotify. What kinds of jobs do Udacity students get? Students have gotten jobs as Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Assistant Instructors, Instructors, and Web Developers. How can Udacity make me a more desirable job candidate? Take Udacity courses that are relevant for your dream job(s). You'll learn relevant skills during the course, and you could even put those skills to work on independent projects outside of class. Also make sure to update your profile, share your resume, and be responsive to employers when they contact you. Who sees my CV on the Profile Page? Page 20 of
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21 Our trusted partners and Udacity employees. How do I start the job placement process? Make sure to have your profile updated and opt into sharing your resume. This will help make you more visible to potential employers. Whom do I contact if I'm an employer that is interested in hiring Udacity students? Please send an email to employers@udacity.com if you want more information. 1. 1. 2. Coursera Page 21 of
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24 “As I drive home, I sometimes think this is somebody else’s life,” Daphne Koller says. She calls the experience “surreal.” About Coursera We believe in connecting people to a great education so that anyone around the world can learn without limits. Coursera is an education company that partners with the top universities and organizations in the world to offer courses online for anyone to take, for free. Our technology enables our partners to teach millions of students rather than hundreds. We envision a future where everyone has access to a worldclass education that has so far been available to a select few. We aim to empower people with education that will improve their lives, the lives of their families, and the communities they live in. Our Courses Classes offered on Coursera are designed to help you master the material. When you take one of our classes, you will watch lectures taught by worldclass professors, learn at your own pace, test your knowledge, and reinforce concepts through interactive exercises. When you join one of our classes, you'll also join a global community of thousands of students learning alongside you. We know that your life is busy, and that you have many commitments on your time. Thus, our courses are designed based on sound pedago gical foundations, to help you master new concepts quickly and effectively. Key ideas include mastery learning, to make sure that you have multiple attempts to demonstrate your new knowledge; using interactivity, to ensure student engagement and to assist longterm retention; and providing frequent feedback, so that you can monitor your own progress, and know when you've really mastered the material. Page 24 of
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25 We offer courses in a wide range of topics, spanning the Humanities, Medicine, Biology, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Business, Computer Science, and many others. Whether you're looking to improve your resume, advance your career, or just learn more and expand your knowledge, we hope there will be multiple courses that you find interesting. teaching methods that use active learning and interactive engagement between faculty and students, and between students and their peers Coursera Takes A Big Step Toward Monetization, Now Lets Students Earn “Verified Certificates” For A Fee Coursera today unveiled its next phase and what will likely be its most significant source of revenue: Verified certificates./January 8th, 2013 Students who take a course on its platform will now be able to earn “Verified Certificates” for a small fee. The new option, called Signature Track, is available on a coursebycourse basis and is designed to provide verification for the work students complete on its platform, giving value to that work in the form of the startup’s first foray into credentialing. The certificate, however does not include credit toward a degree program, it simply aims to give them a more meaningful way to prove that they’ve completed the course. Students will have up to three weeks from the beginning of the course to sign up for a Signature Track. If they participate, they take two photos with their webcam, one of themselves, the other of a photo ID and create a “biometric profile of their unique typing patterns by typing a short phrase.” When submitting work for a course, they type the same phrase to match Page 25 of
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26 the record to their ID. Upon completion, students receive a certificate issued by the university and Coursera, which they’ll be able to share with anyone they choose via their “personal Course Records” page on Coursera. The price of admission into Signature track depends on the course, but will range from $30 to $100, and students who cannot afford the fee will be able to register for financial assistance. Five Courses Receive College Credit Recommendations Coursera is committed to seeing that our courses meet our students’ educational goals, from simply experiencing the joy of learning something new, to seeking improved employment opportunities, to working towards a degree. To this end, we are proud to announce that theAmerican Council on Education’s College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE CREDIT) hasevaluated and recommended college credit for five courses on Coursera. Many students face enormous financial obstacles in pursuit of their degrees. We want to help more students enter college with credit already accrued and exit college on time, on budget and with a degree in hand. ACE CREDIT is a recognized authority in assessing nontraditional education experiences, with more than 2,000 colleges and universities considering ACE CREDIT recommendations in determining the applicability to their course and degree programs. The five courses approved for college credit recommendation include four undergraduate credit courses: ● PreCalculus from the University of California, Irvine ● Introduction to Genetics and Evolution from Duke University ●
Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach from Duke University ● Calculus: Single Variable from the University of Pennsylvania And one course approved for developmental math vocational credit recommendation: Page 26 of 137
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27 ● Algebra from the University of California, Irvine You can earn an ACE CREDIT college credit recommendation by signing up for an eligible course in the Signature Track and then taking an online proctored Credit Exam at the end of the course.We are working with a thirdparty provider, ProctorU, to enable online proctoring so that students anywhere in the world can take these special proctored assessments via a webcam at their convenience. There is an additional fee for the Credit Exam. Students who meet all requirements and successfully complete one of these five preapproved courses may request a transcript with credit recommendations from ACE, which they can then present to the college or university of their choice for prerequisite or undergraduate credit consideration, to be granted at the discretion of the institution. Duke Provost Peter Lange said “We are excited by this opportunity to experiment with new ways of using our MOOC courses to extend our educational reach and provide credit for students who would not otherwise have access to our faculty. MOOCs, often in combination with the creativity of individual universities, have much potential to open and enrich the educational offerings available to students across the United States and the globe." Learn more at the Coursera College Credit Recommendation Guidebook. Earning an ACE CREDIT college credit recommendation 1) Join the Signature Track for an eligible course To receive transfer credit, you must join the Signature Track of the eligible course. Registration is open during the first two to three weeks of the course. Learn more about joining Signature Track. The Signature Track securely links your coursework to your real identity using your photo ID and unique typing pattern. In your course’s Signature Page 27
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28 Track, you will be able to verify your identity with each piece of graded coursework you submit, such as quizzes, exams, homeworks and assignments. At this time, not all courses featuring Signature Track are eligible for ACE CREDIT college credit recommendations. Currently, only the courses listed above are eligible for ACE CREDIT college credit recommendations. Back to top 2) Signup for and take course's Credit Recommendation Exam Once in the Signature Track, you must complete the online proctored Credit Recommendation Exam at the end of the course. This exam covers broad course learning objectives and tests your skills and knowledge in the course material at the college course level. Your performance on the Credit Recommendation Exam will be a large determinant of your final grade. The Credit Recommendation Exam is separate from the normal course final exam, though you are encouraged to take both. The Credit Recommendation Exam will be online proctored, and conducted on Coursera in partnership with ProctorU, which will provide live human proctors who will digitally connect with you during your exam session. You will need access to a webcam, a microphone, and a reliable, highspeed internet connection for this (if you’d like to test your computer, you can do so at ProctorU). The Credit Recommendation Exam can be taken for an additional fee, which varies by course. Please see Eligible Courses for the costs. Signing up for a course's Credit Recommendation Exam Towards the end of the course, students who have joined the Signature Track will receive more information on how to sign up for the Credit Recommendation Exam. After successfully registering for the Credit Recommendation Exam, you will receive a confirmation email with instructions on how to schedule your Credit Recommendation Exam testtaking appointment with ProctorU. Page 28 of
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29 Each course has its own Credit Recommendation Exam availability dates, which are available here. You must schedule your exam at least 72 hours (3 days) in advance of your appointment. We strongly recommend you schedule your appointment well in advance to avoid potential problems with limited appointment availability or late scheduling fees. Taking your Credit Recommendation Exam Once you have scheduled your exam, you will be sent a special link to visit on the date and time of your examination appointment. This link will connect you with your live proctor, who will guide you through to your examination on Coursera. Your proctor: ● Is knowledgeable about the examination policies ● Will ask you to conduct a review of your testing area using your webcam ●
Will monitor webcam, audio and screensharing feeds while you are taking your exam ● Can close the exam session at any time if necessary ● Can communicate with you via chat or audio if you have any questions Credit Recommendation Exam grading policies You must meet the criteria set forth in your course’s Credit Recommendation Exam grading policy in order to receive an ACE CREDIT college credit recommendation. This grading policy, which will be outlined in your class site, is different from the regular course grading policy. In the Credit Recommendation Exam grading policy, the Credit Recommendation Exam will be worth 80% of your course grade, with regular assignments making up the remaining 20%. Each course will have its own unique minimum passing grade for the purposes of determining eligibility for college credit recommendation. Verified Certificate with Credit Recommendation Exam Page 29 of 137
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30 Students who take the Credit Recommendation Exam and pass the criteria outlined in the Credit Recommendation Exam grading policy will receive a Verified Certificate and the option to request for ACE CREDIT transcripts. This Verified Certificate will additionally indicate that you’ve completed a proctored exam. If your class offers a “distinction” grade, we will take the higher score on either the regular course final or the Credit Recommendation Exam to determine eligibility. Therefore, students who attempt the Credit Recommendation Exam will not be required to attempt the regular course final. Retake policy A student can only attempt the Credit Recommendation Exam once per course offering. Students who do not meet the passing requirements for college credit recommendations will be able to attempt the Credit Recommendation Exam again in future offerings of the course. Back to top 3) Send your ACE CREDIT transcripts to your school If you meet the course’s passing criteria for ACE CREDIT college credit recommendations, Coursera will report your course information to the American Council on Education’s (ACE) Transcript Service. The ACE Transcript Service offers a lifelong record for students who have successfully completed our courses that have been reviewed by ACE CREDIT. This service enables adult learners to present a nationally recognized transcript to the college or university of their choice for the potential award of academic credit. For more information, visit the ACE CREDIT Transcript Service website. Coursera Career Services Coursera and your career Page 30 of
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31 People from around the world come to Coursera with professional aspirations in mind and some of our favorite emails have been from students who have used their courses to find new jobs. One student recently told us how the Gamification course helped him land a position with a gamification company. Another student, Dawn, accepted a communications position with the University of Illinois Cancer Center after completing Fundamentals of Pharmacology. She talked about the course content at length during the interview process and now uses her newfound knowledge regularly in her new position. With students like these in mind, we are developing Coursera Career Services, a recruiting service that connects passionate and committed Coursera students with positions that match their skills and interests. If you optin to our Career Services, we will try to find companies that match your interests, skills and knowledge. If you do well in a Coursera class and allow us to share that information with potential employers (who will have agreed to keep this information in strict confidence, and use only for the purpose of considering you for employment), this could make you even more appealing to employers. We’ve been piloting the program for a few months and results have been good! We use sophisticated analytics to automatically find good studentcompany matches, and make an introduction only if we think there’s a reasonable chance of interest on both sides. Recently, one of our partner companies said “the candidates we’ve gotten from Coursera are performing better in our process than candidates from any other source.” We’re working with companies of varying stage and size who are finding great talent in innovative ways, like Facebook, Twitter, AppDirect and TrialPay. Essentially, Coursera’s new service is an optin to a recruiting program that allows students to find and connect with positions that “match their skills and interests.” Using “sophisticated analytics,” Coursera looks for matches between Page 31 of
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32 students and companies. Once it identifies a match, it sends an email to students, seeking their approval, only making an intro if the student gives them the goahead.Companies pay Coursera a flat fee for each introduction, with a share of that revenue going to the colleges offering the course. Udacity has also begun employing a similar model and has started to make money doing it. VERIFIED CERTIFICATES FOR YOUR EMPLOYEES Looking for an innovative way to support your employees' ongoing learning and development? Try sponsoring Verified Certificates within your organization! By sponsoring Verified Certificates, you can: ● Point your employees to a new learning resource with courses across a range of topics like technical, business, leadership and many more. ● Provide them with the chance to earn a valuable Verified Certificate upon completion of these Coursera courses The program is cost effective and easy to implement, get started here! Page
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34 MIT and Harvard launch a ‘revolution in education’ Page 34 of
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35 MIT President Susan Hockfield and Harvard University President Drew Faust WE’RE EMPOWERING LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM AND AROUND THE GLOBE At edX, we believe in the highest quality education, both online and in the classroom. EdX was created for students and institutions that seek to transform themselves through cuttingedge technologies, innovative pedagogy, and rigorous courses. Through our institutional partners, the XConsortium, we present the best of higher education online, offering opportunity to anyone who wants to achieve, thrive, and grow. Our goals, however, go beyond offering courses and content. We are committed to research that will allow us to understand how students learn, how technology can transform learning, and the ways teachers teach on campus and beyond. As innovators and experimenters, we want to share what we discover. The edX platform will be available as open source. By conducting and publishing significant research on how students learn, we will empower Page 35 of
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36 and inspire educators around the world and promote success in learning. Our aim is to become a leading resource for learners and learning worldwide by staying focused on the goals and principles set forth when forming edX: Our goals ● Expand access to education for everyone ● Enhance teaching and learning on campus and online ●
Advance teaching and learning through research Our principles ● Not for profit ● Open source platform ● Collaborative ● Financially sustainable We are not only expanding access to knowledge, but developing best practices to enhance the student experience and improve teaching and learning both on campus and online. edx FAQs What is edX? EdX is a notforprofit initiative composed of over 20 leading global institutions, the xConsortium. We offer the highest quality education, both online and in the classroom. Founded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, edX offers online learning to oncampus students and to millions of people around the world. EdX is building an opensource online learning platform and hosts a web portal at www.edx.org for online education. Page 36 of 137
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37 What institutions offer courses and modules through edX? EdX offers online courses from more than 20 edX xConsortium institutions, including University of California at Berkeley, the University of Texas system, and founders MIT and Harvard. More courses from leading global institutions will be coming online over the months to come. What are the goals of the partner universities and colleges? The edX partners aim to extend their collective reach to build a global community of online students. Along with offering online courses, partner institutions plan to use their online courses to enhance education on their own campuses and to undertake research on how students learn and how technology can transform learning. Will edX be adding additional X Universities? EdX is committed to expanding the number of universities offering courses on its platform. It will welcome new partners as it builds capacity to accommodate the growing interest among universities and learners. Potential partners are welcome to approach Director of Business Development, Johannes Heinlein (johannes@edx.org) for any initial inquiries. What is the “X University” Consortium? In addition to providing online courses on the edX platform, the "X Page 37 of
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38 University" Consortium is a forum in which members can share experiences around online learning. Harvard, MIT, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Texas system and the other consortium members are building the "X University" Consortium, whose membership is expanding to include additional "X Universities". Each member of the consortium will offer courses on the edX platform as an "X University." Open Source & the edX Technology Platform What technology does edX use? Features that are available or planned for the edX learning platform include: selfpaced learning, online discussion groups, wikibased collaborative learning, assessment of learning as a student progresses through a course, and online laboratories and other interactive learning tools. The first version of the technology was used in the first MITx course, 6.002x Circuits and Electronics, which launched in Spring 2012. Because it is open source, the platform will be continuously improved by a worldwide community of collaborators, with new features added as needs arise. How is this different from what other universities are doing online? EdX is a notforprofit enterprise that promotes the educational missions of likeminded universities, all dedicated to improving our understanding of learning and delivering better educational experiences both on campus and beyond. The platform will also serve as a laboratory from which data will be gathered to better understand how students learn. Page 38 of
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39 What is Open Source? Open source is a philosophy that refers to making software freely available for use and/or modification as users see fit. In exchange for use of the software, users add their contributions to the software, making it in a form of public collaboration. Before the contributions are officially incorporated within the primary source code, an oversight body typically ensures additions meet a certain standard of quality and usefulness. The edX platform was made available as open source code on June 1st, 2013. When/how can I get the edX opensource platform technology? The edX learning platform source code, as well as platform developments from Stanford, edX and other contributors, is available as of June 1, 2013 and can be accessed from the edX Platform Repository located at http://code.edx.org/ My organization is interested in using edX software or the edX platform to host our own content. What level of support does edX provide to do so? Currently, the opensourced edX software is intended to be used by developers who will contribute towards the platform development efforts. While some edX partner organizations are using the platform to host their own content, we don't encourage organizations outside of the partnership group to do so at this point. EdX does not offer hosting or support services beyond its partner group at this time.However, edX may evolve its participation models in the future; we may for example offer hosting and support services to interested organizations. Future releases of the software may also offer self publishing capabilities. Please check our website for updates about when these participation models may become available. Page 39 of
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40 STUDENT FAQS edX BASICS How do I sign up to take a course? Simply create an edX account (it's free) and then register for the course of your choice. Choose Register Now to get started. Who can take an edX course? EdX courses are open to everyone. All you need is an Internet connection and a desire to learn. What does it cost to take a course? Currently, edX courses are free for everyone. What happens after I sign up? You will receive an activation email. Follow the prompts in that email to activate your account. You will need to log in each time you access your course(s). Once the course begins, it’s time to hit the virtual books. You can access the Page 40 of
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41 lectures, homework, tutorials, etc., for each week, one week at a time. Are courses accessible to students with disabilities? EdX strives to create an innovative onlinelearning platform that promotes accessibility for everyone, including students with disabilities. We are dedicated to improving the accessibility of the platform and welcome your comments or questions at accessibility@edx.org. Are the courses only offered in English? Some edX courses include a translation of the lecture in the text bar to the right of the video. Some have the specific option of requesting a course in other languages. Please check your course to determine foreign language options. When will there be more courses on other subjects? We are continually reviewing and creating courses to add to the edX platform. Please check the website for future course announcements or register with edX and we will send you an email when new courses are available. You can also "like" edXonline on Facebook, circle us on Google+, or follow us on Twitter – you'll receive updates and announcements there too When does my course start and/or finish? You can find the start and stop dates for each course on each course description page. Page 41 of
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42 Is there a walkthrough of a sample course session? Each course begins with an introduction of how the course works and what to expect.You can also join a past course and walk through the user experience there. What happens if I have to quit a course? Will I be able to take the same or another course in the future? You may unregister from an edX course at anytime, there are absolutely no penalties associated with incomplete edX studies, and you may register for the same course (provided we are still offering it) at a later time. What is the edX honor code? You’ll find the edX honor code here. Each course may also have specific agreements for student collaboration and discussion. How can I help improve edX? You may not realize it, but just by taking a course you are helping edX. That’s because the edX platform has been specifically designed to not only teach, but also gather data about learning. EdX will use this data to Page 42 of
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43 find out how to improve education online and oncampus. Additionally, if you have enjoyed your experience on edX, we encourage you to share your insights and enthusiasm with us and others (inperson and online.) THE COURSES How much work will I have to do to pass my course? The projected hours of study required for each course are described on the specific course description page. What should I do before I take a course (prerequisites)? Each course is different some have prerequisites, and some don't. Take a look at your specific courses recommended prerequisites. If you do not have a particular prerequisite, you may still take the course. What books should I read? (I am interested in reading materials before the class starts.) Take a look at the specific course prerequisites. All required academic materials will be provided during the course, within the browser. Some of the course descriptions may list additional resources. For supplemental reading material during the course, you can post a question on the course's discussion forum to ask your online classmates for suggestions. Can I download the book for my course? Unless specifically noted in the course, edX book content may only be viewed within the browser; downloading it violates copyright laws. If you Page 43 of
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44 need or want a hard copy of the book, we recommend that you purchase a copy. Can I take more than one course at a time? You may take multiple edX courses, however we recommend checking the requirements on each course description page to determine your available study hours and the demands of the intended courses. How do I log in to take an edX course? Once you sign up for a course and activate your account, click on the Log In button on the edx.org home page. You will need to type in your email address and edX password each time you log in./////// What time is the class? EdX classes take place at your convenience. Prefer to sleep in and study late? No worries. Videos and problem sets are available 24 hours a day, which means you can watch video and complete work whenever you have spare time. You simply log in to your course via the Internet and work through the course material, one week at a time. If I miss a week, how does this affect my performance? It is certainly possible to pass an edX course if you miss a week; however, coursework is progressive, so you should review and study what you may have missed. Also, homework and exams may not be submitted after their due dates. Check your course schedule for important dates and times. Page 44 of
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45 How can I meet/find other students? All edX courses have Discussion Forums where you can chat with and help each other within the framework of the honor code. You can also “like” edXonline on Facebook, circle us on Google+, or follow us on Twitter you'll be joining a community of others with a shared interest in edX. How can I meet/find other students? All edX courses have Discussion Forums where you can chat with and help each other within the framework of the honor code. You can also “like” edXonline on Facebook, circle us on Google+, or follow us on Twitter you'll be joining a community of others with a shared interest in edX. Getting help and support You have a vibrant, global community of fellow online learners available 247 to help with the course within the framework of the honor code, as well as support from the TAs who monitor the course. Take a look at the course's Discussion Forum where you can review questions, answers and comments from fellow online learners, as well as post a question. Can I retake a course? You may retake edX courses as often as you wish. Each offering of a course is assessed independently. Page 45 of
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46 Is there an exam at the end? Different courses have slightly different structures. Please check the course materials. Will the same courses be offered again in the future? Most, if not all, existing edX courses will be reoffered, and more courses added on a regular basis. Enrollment for a course that I am interested in is open, but the course has already started. Can I still enroll? Yes, but you will not be able to turn in any assignments or exams that are past due. If it is early in the course, you might still be able to complete enough assignments and exams to earn a certificate. Check the course syllabus and grading policy in order to find out more. CERTIFICATES & CREDITS What is a certificate of mastery? A certificate of mastery certifies that you have fully participated in an edX course made available through one of its X institutions. You get a certificate when/if you complete your course successfully (watch the videos and successfully fulfill the requirements, per the course syllabus). If you achieve a certificate, you should be proud. All edX courses are rigorous and successful completion is a real accomplishment. EdX students haveused certificates of mastery on university or job Page 46 of
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47 applications, or with their employers to showcase their abilities. Today, certificates of mastery are free. This may change in the future to help cover our costs. See a sample certificate here. Will my university accept my edX coursework for credit? Each educational institution makes its own decision regarding credit. Check with your university for its policy. Please note: EdX does not currently offer transcripts or proof of registration for the purpose of obtaining credit. Will the associated X University grant credit for my course? X Universities do not currently offer formal academic credit for edX coursework and do not certify that MOOC students have met the same requirements as matriculated students taking the original course on which the MOOC is based. How are certificates of mastery determined? Online learners who receive a passing grade for a course will receive a certificate at thediscretion of edX and the underlying X University that offered the course. For example, a certificate for MITx’s 6.002x Circuits & Electronics will come from edX and MITx. If you passed the course, your certificate will be delivered online through edx.org. So be sure to check your email in the weeks following the final grading – you will be able todownload and print your certificate. Page 47 of
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48 Note: At this time, edX is holding certificates for students connected with Cuba, Iran, and Sudan pending confirmation that the issuance is in compliance with U.S. embargoes. What is the difference between a proctored certificate and an honor code certificate? A proctored certificate is given to students who take and pass an exam under proctored conditions in addition to completing all the required online coursework. An honorcode certificate of mastery is granted to students who have completed all of the required coursework online and are in compliance with the edX honor code. Note: Not all courses offer a proctored exam. A proctored exam happens in a proctored facility where students register and are charged a fee. Honor code coursework is free and available to everyone. Can I get both a proctored certificate and an honor code certificate? Yes. The requirements for both certificates can be independently satisfied. Note: At this time, edX is holding certificates for learners connected with Cuba, Iran, and Sudan pending confirmation that the issuance is in compliance with U.S. embargoes. Will my grade be shown on my certificate? Page 48 of
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49 No. Grades are not displayed on either honor code or proctored certificates. The only certificates distributed with grades by edX were for the initial prototype course. Why did I not receive my certificate? Certificates of Mastery are delivered approximately one week after each course closes. If you did not receive one in this time and are certain that you completed the requirements, please check your dashboard. The certificate will display with your course. I lost my edX certificate – can you resend it to me? Please log back in to your account to find certificates from the same profile page where they were originally posted. You will be able to reprint your certificate from there. 1. 1. 4. MOOC2Degree Page 49 of
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51 Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit NYTimes ... With MOOC2Degree, Academic Partnerships has collaborated with public universities to offer creditbearing MOOCs as a first step and a free start toward earning a degree. Through this new initiative, the initial course in select online degree programs will be converted into a MOOC. Each MOOC will be the same course with the same academic content, taught by the same instructors, as currently offered degree programs at participating universities. Students who successfully complete a MOOC2Degree course earn academic credits toward a degree, based upon criteria established by participating universities. Academic Partnerships (AP) helps universities convert their traditional degree programs into an online format, recruits qualified students and supports enrolled students through graduation. Serving more than 40 state institutions, AP is one of the largest representatives of public universities' online learning in the United States. The company was founded by social entrepreneur, Randy Best, an 18year veteran of developing innovative learning solutions to improve education. AP is guided by the principle that the opportunities presented through distance learning make higher education more accessible and achievable for students in the U.S. and globally. For more information, please visit http://www.academicpartnerships.com. Page 51 of
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52 1. 2. MOOC 수업 구성 What You Need to Know About MOOCs The MOOCLed Meritocracy/강의의 질 THE PROFESSORS: B+ The pop star analogy is not trivial. While MOOCs are a great equalizer when it comes to students around the world, they are a great unequalizer when it comes to teachers. MOOCs are creating a breed of Alist celebrity professors who have lopsided sway over the landscape of ideas. I pity the offline teachers. I fear one of the casualties of these online courses might be the biodiversity of the academic ecosystem. CONVENIENCE: A MOOCs shift control to the student. “I’m hyper. I’m nuts ... The good news is, you can always skip parts you don’t enjoy. Whereas if you were in the class you’d have to suffer me throughout.” Page 52 of
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53 TEACHERTOSTUDENT INTERACTION: D As I mentioned, I had little to no contact with the professors. Not that I didn’t try. I entered a lottery to join an exclusive 10person Google hangout with my genetics professor, the Duke University biologistMohamed A. Noor. I lost. My cosmology professor, S. George Djorgovski, of Caltech, held office hours on Second Life, the virtual world. But the professor told those of us who were Second Life virgins that we might not want to bother, since the software is complicated. A handful of lucky students got responses from professors on the discussion boards, and a few handfuls more from teaching assistants. I was not among them. Perhaps I should have been more solicitous, like the student who offered to send one fluridden instructor camomile tea. The professor gamely responded that whiskey kills more bacteria. For MOOCs to fulfill their potential, Coursera and its competitors will have to figure out how to make teachers and teaching assistants more reachable. More like local pastors, less like deities on high. To their credit, the MOOC providers seem aware of the problem and are experimenting with fixes, like recruiting experienced students to guide discussions.Some reformers have suggested an onlineoffline hybrid model.Students in, say, Ecuador, could gather in a Quito classroom, watch the MOOC lectures on video, and then have a local teacher facilitate a discussion. As I learned in my science literacy course, it’s hard to predict what will work in the real world, but this seems worth testing. STUDENTTOSTUDENT INTERACTION: B As psychologists will tell you, if you don’t talk about what you’ve learned, Page 53 of
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54 the knowledge will evaporate. With MOOCs, there is no shortage of ways to connect with other students: Facebook, Google Plus, Skype, Twitter, Coursera discussion boards — even shutting your laptop and meeting a classmate in a threedimensional Dunkin’ Donuts. I videochatted twice with a clutch of students in my Google Plus modern history group. Our conversations on Haitian independence and the professor’s possible firstworld biases were worthwhile and wonderfully international: a Filipino scientist told me about his country’s education system, and a Brazilian businessman shared a data point on his country’s pronounced wealth inequality. ASSIGNMENTS: B Coursework comes in various forms: multiplechoice quizzes, essays and projects Of course, since students are taking quizzes without proctors, cheatingis a big MOOC concern. As it should be. When I Googled some quiz questions for my genetics course — as a journalist, I swear — I found a Canadian Web site with the answers. A company called ProctorU has designed software to allow its employees to monitor students taking quizzes via webcam. When it comes to cheating, the catandmouse game is likely to play out for a while. Most of the quizzes are graded instantly by computer, but a few assignments are judged by fellow students. I wrote an essay for my “Aboriginal Worldviews” course in which I had to describe an American Page 54 of
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55 ritual as if it were foreign to me (I chose birthday parties). Three of my peers graded the paper. They were kind over all, but I bristled at every slight. Who died and made you professor? The flexibility of courses The flexibility of courses also may differ. On Udacity, for example, you can start a class anytime you like and complete every task or exam at your own pace. This reduces the massiveness and the opportunity to interact with other students. On Coursera, classes have a start and an end date. Although it’s possible to watch lectures at any time you want (and to pause, start again, rewind and make your comments), most assignments and exams have a deadline. You might notice that most classes offered at the moment by universities are introductory, taken from undergraduate disciplines. However, it is also possible to find subjects in other levels or MOOCs specializing in a particular field of knowledge. Selfpaced, synchronous and asynchronous The terms selfpaced, synchronous and asynchronous are applied to Page 55 of
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56 these different models in inconsistent ways. A selfpaced class at Udacity is usually called asynchronous, since you don’t have to take it during a specific period. You may be taking the class a year after the teacher produced and published it. From that perspective, the classes at Coursera and edX are often called synchronous. Everyone is moving through the material at approximately the same pace established by a schedule and deadlines. Gates Foundation Offers Grants for MOOC’s in Introductory Classe The foundation will award as many as 10 grants of up to $50,000 each for MOOC’s in “highenrollment, lowsuccess introductorylevel courses.” “We are cautiously optimistic that MOOC’s might be able to improve outcomes for lowincome students who are working toward credentials, but there are a lot of questions that we can’t yet answer,” says Josh Jarrett, the foundation’s deputy director for postsecondary success. 1. 2. 1. 강의 1. 2. 2.시험 Credit by Exam And when you do embark on a MOOC, you can have a good learning experience by considering some of the tips and strategies other students Page 56 of
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57 and teachers have shared here. MOOC platforms set hours of homework every week besides lecture videos, and the homework is either graded automatically or by students' peers. The importance of retrieval and testing for learning Many people think that the primary purpose of homework is to assess or to evaluate students. We believe that a far more important purpose is that they drive learning, and ensure longterm retention. A key factor in the design of the Coursera system is the extensive use of interactive exercises, which we believe are critical for student engagement and learning. Even within our videos, there are multiple opportunities for interactions: the video frequently stops, and students are asked to answer a simple question to test whether they are tracking the material. This strategy has value not only in maintaining student focus and engagement. Research shows that even simple retrieval questions have significant pedagogical value. For example, in two papers in Science, (Karpicke and Roediger III, 2008; Karpicke and Blunt, 2011) show that activities that require students to retrieve or reconstruct knowledge produces significant gains in learning much more so than many other learning strategies. Mastery Learning Many of our courses’ homework are designed to give students multiple opportunities to learn the content and demonstrate their knowledge. In many traditional classes, if a student attempts a homework and does not do well, he or she simply gets a low score on the assignment, and instruction moves to the next topic, providing the student a poor basis for learning the next concept. The feedback is also often given weeks after the concept was taught, by which point the student barely remembers the material, and rarely goes back to review the concepts to understand them better. In the Coursera platform, we typically giveimmediate feedback on that concept the student did not understand. In many cases, we provide randomized versions of the same assignment, so that a studentcan restudy and reattempt the homework. This process is called Mastery Page 57 of
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58 Learning, and was shown in a seminal paper by Bloom to increase student performance by about one standard deviation over more traditional forms of instruction. This means that if in a traditional class 50% of all students pass a certain (median) level of performance, with Mastery Learning, about 84% of students now achieve this level of performance. Peer assessments In many courses, the most meaningful assignments do not lend themselves easily to automated grading by a computer. For example, in a poetry course, we would want the students to practice critical thinking and interpretive skills by answeringessaystyle questions, which do not have clear right or wrong answers. Similar issues arise when we are evaluating business plans, engineering designs, medical chart reviews, or many others. This is particularly an issue in courses in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Business, and other disciplines where a relatively small fraction of the content lends itself well to an autograded format. Given our commitment to offer courses from a broad range of disciplines, we have invested substantial effort in developing the technology of peer assessments, wherestudents can evaluate and provide feedback on each other’s work. This technology draws on two bodies of literature: First, the education literature on peer assessments. Following the literature on student peer reviews, we have developed a process in which students are first trained using a grading rubric to grade other assessments. This has been shown to result in accurate feedback to other students, and also provide a valuable learning experience for the students doing the grading. Second, we draw on ideas from the literature on crowdsourcing, which studies how one can take many ratings (of varying degrees of reliability) and combine them to obtain a highly accurate score. Using such algorithms, we expect that by having multiple students grade each homework, we will be able to obtain grading accuracy comparable or even superior to that provided by a single teaching assistant. teaching methods that use active learning and interactive engagement between faculty and students, and between students and their peers Page 58 of
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59 1. 2. 3. 학점(Credit) Credit for MOOCs College Credit Educational Portfolios Signaling Learning The MOOC Credit Paradox All three of the leading MOOC providers — Coursera, edX and Udacity, another Stanford spinoff — started by offering courses free but with no credit, attracting millions of learners around the world. But all three are now adapting those courses, often in blended form, for use in public universities that will offer students credit and extra support — and bring the MOOC providers a steady revenue stream. A First for Udacity: a U.S. University Will Accept Transfer Credit for One of Its Courses Page 59 of
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60 Colorado State to Offer Credits for Online Class By TAMAR LEWIN; Colorado State University’s Global Campus would give three credits to students who complete one of Udacity’s free “massive open online courses.” September 7, 2012, Friday MOOCs for Credit/Georgia State University Public Universities to Offer Free Online Classes for Credit 10 large public university systems team with Coursera Coursera, the California company that offers free college classes online, is forming partnerships with 10 large public university systems and public uflagship universities to create courses that students can take for credit, either fully online or with classroom sessions. At the State University of New York system, the partnership is tied to Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher’s announcement of Open SUNY, an online effort to enroll 100,000 new students. The move could open online classes to 1.25 million students at public institutions across the United States, and could help increase graduation Page 60 of
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61 rates by making introductory and required classes — often a bottleneck because of high demand — more widely available. Joining Coursera will be the State University of New York system, the Tennessee Board of Regents and the University of Tennessee systems, the University of Colorado system, theUniversity of Houston system, the University of Kentucky, the University of Nebraska, theUniversity of New Mexico, the University System of Georgia and West Virginia University. Some systems plan to blend online materials with facultyled classroom sessions. Others will offer credit to students who take the courses online followed by a proctored exam on campus. Some will use existing Coursera materials developed by faculties at elite universities, but others expect that their own faculties will develop materials for the Coursera platform, making them available at campuses systemwide and beyond. Faculty members will be able to customize existing courses, adding their own lessons and refinements, the company said. Coursera’s fees will vary, depending on the size of the class. For a large course, universities would pay about $8 a student to use the Coursera platform. In addition, for use of content developed at a different university, Coursera would charge $30 to $60 per student per course. At SUNY, which has 468,000 students at 64 campuses, the Coursera partnership is tied to Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher’s announcement this year of Open SUNY, an online effort to enroll 100,000 new students and make it possible for a quarter of them to earn a degree in three years. Students could take courses at any campus, or at other universities on the Coursera platform, toward a degree at their home campus. Dr. Zimpher said it would be some time before a decision about how many of the system’s online offerings, and which ones, would use the Coursera platform. Houston Davis, the chief academic officer of the University System of Georgia, with 314,000 students, said that while the system would start with Page 61 of
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62 just a handful of Coursera courses next fall, he hoped a full menu of general education courses — the gateway classes usually taken in a student’s first two years — would eventually be available online through Coursera, for sharing by all the campuses. “As I’ve told the faculty, we’re not outsourcing content delivery or casting students to the winds,” he said. “But there are thousands and thousands of students in Georgia with a high school diploma, or some college but no degree, and we need to explore new ways to reach them.” The partnerships represent a new direction for Coursera, and for the “massive open online courses,” known as MOOCs, that have galvanizedhigher education over the last year, as millions of students worldwide registered for free classes that carried no credit. “Our first year, we were enamored with the possibilities of scale in MOOCs,” said Daphne Koller, one of the two Stanford computer science professors who founded Coursera. “Now we are thinking about how to use the materials on campus to move along the completion agenda and other challenges facing the largest public university systems.” Initially, Coursera recruited as partners only the elite research universities in the Association of American Universities. Now the company is eager to work with a broader range of institutions, to see how its materials can help more students complete their degrees. Other leading online providers, too, have begun projects with public universities: edX, the nonprofit collaboration founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has teamed with the University of Texas and some California State University campuses, and Udacity, another Stanford spinoff, with San Jose State University. Some faculty resistance has emerged recently against using online materials, even if they are blended with classroom work. This week, 58 Harvard professors wrote a letter seeking the creation of a new committee to consider the ethical issues related to edX and its impact on higher education. Both Dr. Koller and university officials involved in the new partnerships Page 62 of
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63 said that they had no intention of undercutting faculty control over course content and that the provision allowing faculties to customize online materials or put their own courses onto the Coursera platform was critical to the project’s success. “We hope this will help public universities do more with the less they’re getting in state support,” Dr. Koller said. William G. Bowen, the former Princeton president and founding chairman of Ithaka, a nonprofit organization that studies online education, sees promise in the arrangement. “We have encouraged Coursera to work with the large state university systems, and the large state university systems to work with Coursera, because that’s where the numbers are, and that’s where there are the biggest issues in terms of cost, completion and access,” said Dr. Bowen. “It’s still exploratory, but this partnership has the potential to make real headway in dealing with those issues.” Five Courses Receive College Credit Recommendations The End of Nuclear Institutions There is compelling reason to think that unbundling institutional knowledge provision and credentialing is not only gaining momentum but is inevitable. Recent events confirm Peter Stokes's observation that the fusion of the core elements of landbased education (faculty, curriculum, credentials) is no longer inseparably tied to a single institution.3 The emergence of MOOCs as an alternative to locationbound, proprietary forms of campusbased learning and portals like edX, Coursera, and Udacity that host them undermine the individually crafted course model that sustains the "college credit monopoly."4 The acceptance of credit for MOOCs by accredited institutions, such as Colorado State University's Page 63 of
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64 Global Campus,5 Antioch University,6 San Jose State University,7 Georgia State University,8 and the recently announced MOOC2Degree collaboration between dozens of public universities and Academic Partnerships,9 the impetus from Gates Foundation grants to develop MOOCs for "high enrollment, lowsuccess" introductory courses,10 and the partnership between the Saylor Foundation and Excelsior College and StraigherLine11 are all opening upa path to credit for free and lowcost courses. A parallel movement away from seattime to competencybased learning at Western Governors University, Southern New Hampshire University, and the University of Wisconsin System further erodes the value proposition underlying the traditional model of landbased education. MOOCs, as currently designed, address two of the three challenges facing postsecondary education: access and cost. MOOCbased degree programs would not only democratize education, but their scalability would help end the unsustainable trajectory of tuition. They are an effective remedy to the "cost disease" plaguing higher education12 and a viable solution to the problem of providing global access to educational credentials edX Offers Proctored Exams Students enrolled in a free open online course offered through edX will now have the option of getting their learning validated with a proctored final exam, under a new program announced today. The nonprofit onlinelearning venture, founded by MIT and Harvard, will let students take onsite exams administered by the Pearson VUE service, which has more than 450 testing centers in more than 110 countries. Students who pass the tests will receivecertificates noting that they completed a proctored exam. In a conference call with reporters, Anant Agarwal, president of edX, said the proctoring option would make the certificates“significantly more Page 64 of
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65 valuable.” “From our discussions with employers and institutions, they certainly feel much more comfortable with proctored certificates, because these really reflect the students’ own work,” he said. For the Udacity course, the proctored exam will cost $89. 1. 2. 4. 커뮤니티 Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class Students in Free Online Courses Form Groups to Study and Socialize "The biggest revolution of MOOC is the interactions between students and teachers as well as other students," says Ng of a system that offers materials including videos and tests together with communitybuilding user forums. Another major departure from previous online courses is that MOOC has successfully brought together student communities. They either discuss difficult points online or come together in the real world to meet. Page 65 of
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66 수강중 무료 교과서 제공 Coursera partners with publishers to bring digital textbooks to the masses 활용예/The Student Hub 1. 2. 5. MOOC 을 통한 미국대학교육 혁명 Former U.S. secretary of education William Bennett has written that he senses“an Athenslike renaissance” in the making. Stanford president John Hennessy told the New Yorker he sees “a tsunami coming.” The Crisis in Higher Education The excitement over MOOCs comes at a time of growing dissatisfaction with the state of college education. The average price tag for a bachelor’s degree has shot up to more than $100,000. Spending four years on campus often leaves young people or their parents weighed down with big debts, a burden not only on their personal finances but on the overall economy. And many people worry that even as the cost of higher Page 66 of
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67 education has risen, its quality has fallen. Dropout rates are often high, particularly at public colleges, and many graduates display little evidence that college improved their criticalthinking skills. Close to 60 percent of Americans believe that the country’s colleges and universities are failing to provide students with “good value for the money they and their families spend,” according to a 2011 survey by the Pew Research Center. Proponents of MOOCs say the efficiency and flexibility of online instruction will offer a timely remedy. Students Rush to Web Classes, but Profits May Be Much Later By TAMAR LEWIN; New companies are partnering with universities to offer online courses, in an effort that could define the future of higher education — if anyone can figure out how to make money. January 7, 2013, Monday The MOOC Model: Challenging Traditional Education MOOCs represent the latest stage in the evolution of open educational resources. First was open access to course content, and then access to free online courses. Accredited institutions are now accepting MOOCs as well as free courses and experiential learning as partial credit toward a degree. The next disruptor will likely mark a tipping point: an entirely free online curriculum leading to a degree from an accredited institution. With this new business model, students might still have to pay to certify their credentials, but not for the process leading to their acquisition. If free Page 67 of
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68 access to a degreegranting curriculum were to occur, the business model of higher education would dramatically and irreversibly change. As Nathan Harden ominously noted, "recent history shows us that the internet is a great destroyer of any traditional business that relies on the sale of information."1 Colleges have a problem here: the way in which the core services of education are rendered is changing, but the underlying business model is not. This widening disconnect threatens not only the financial viability of traditional campuses following the "Law of More,"2 but, more fundamentally, their rationale. A number of converging trends pose a challenge to brickandmortar institutions: ● the emergence of the learning sciences and their application to educational practice, ● the movement toward competencybased education, and ●
new business models that effectively combine instructional quality, lower cost, and increased access through unlimited scalability (MOOCs). A turning point will occur when a MOOCbased program of study leads to a degree from an accredited institution. Indeed, we are already partially there: students can now receive transfer credit toward a degree from an accredited institution for learning not obtained at a college or university. MOOCs: Quality Matters Notwithstanding the importance of their role in reducing cost and expanding access, the remaining unresolved issue facing the acceptance of MOOCs is access to what? The major obstacle to their acceptance relates to the third challenge: their quality. As some rightly point out, current course models can aptly be described as"selfservice learning and crowdsourced teaching."13 Although selfdirected learning and peer mentoring have instructional benefits when part of a welldesigned curriculum, most MOOCs (especially in STEM areas) are designed in a way Page 68 of 137
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69 that skews toward autodidacts and more advanced learners. Novice learners needing instructional guidance are largely on their own and no better off perhaps than those in a large gateway course delivered in a lecture hall on campus. Although improving the quality of student learning is one of the priorities of the major MOOC providers, most of their courses currently lack a sophisticated learning architecture that effectively adapts to the individual needs of each learner. Addressing the quality of the learning experience that MOOCs provide is therefore of paramount importance to their credibility and acceptance. According to the most recent Babson Research Group survey, institutional decision makers have yet to be convinced of the value of MOOCs. Although not specifically attributing their skepticism to the perceived quality of MOOCs, the report finds that only 28 percent of chief academic officers believe that they are a sustainable method for offering courses.14 What potential, then, do MOOCs have not only to improve learning but to provide the best possible educational experience? Contrary to what some may think, designing the best learning environments does not entail their being taught by the best professors or affiliated with elite universities. Instead of simply using scholarly reputation and institutional prestige as quality standards, we should judge MOOCs by how well they enable the conditions that optimize learning for each student. Although critics may scoff at the simplistic design of most current MOOCs, it would be shortsighted to dismiss them as hopelessly inferior to classroombased instruction. If there is one lesson from the history of disruptive innovation, it is that we often wrongly assume that a product or practice that dominates a current market defines enduring standards of optimal quality. It would be a mistake, then, to think that the nearterm shortcomings of MOOCs inhibit their potential to improve in quality. MOOCs and other forms of open curricula will transform how people learn only to the extent that they enable effective learning. What, then, might a learningoptimized MOOC look like? San Jose State U. Says Replacing Live Lectures With Videos Increased Test Scores In an effort to raise student performance in a difficult course, San Jose State University has turned to a “flipped classroom” format,requiring Page 69 of
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70 students to watch lecture videos produced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and using class time for discussion. The 85 students in the flipped course at San Jose State watched the edX lecture videos at home and attended class twice a week to practice what they had learned and ask questions. Two other sections of students took a traditional version of the course. The midtermexamination scores of students in the flipped section were higher than those in the traditional sections, said Mr. Ghadiri. Although the midterm questions were more difficult for the flipped students, their median score was 10 to 11 points higher. How Will MOOCs Make Money? Winning the MOOC space will require a combination of investment capital, branded credibility in the marketplace, deep expertise in academics, and deep expertise in the formation and scaling of hugely popular online enterprises. 2. OER(Open Education Resources/무료교육자료) 2.1. OCW Page 70 of
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71 As Juliana previously discussed in an article on the History of Distance Learning, the idea to provide free academic knowledge online is not recent. It’s been now almost 15 years, for example, since the American university The Massachusetts Institute of Technology began its OpenCourseWare project, giving more people access to university lectures and other tools to enhance elearning. 2.2. OER Creative Commons Hybrid & Flipped & Blended Class Hybrid Courses: Best of Both Worlds Page 71 of
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72 2.3. iTunes U Another antecedent to the MOOC is iTunes U, launched by Apple in 2007 to offer education materials for download. Many colleges and universities joined the site, creating courses especially designed for the format or simply posting podcasts, video lectures or textbooks for free download by anyone in the world. 2.4. Khan Academy College 2.0: A SelfAppointed Teacher Runs a OneMan 'Academy' on YouTube Gates Notes Using basic tools on his home computer, Salman Khan began making short math tutoring videos, first for his younger cousins and then for anyone following his YouTube account and eventually for millions of students around the world. That has grown into Khan Academy, a nonprofit provider of video lectures and exercises on a variety of subjects and now, although Khan isn’t a formally trained educator, he is one of the bestknown teachers in the world. 2.5. MOOC Page 72 of
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73 Birth of cMOOC The concept of MOOC was first implemented in 2008 with an openonline course offered by George Siemens and Stephen Downes at theUniversity of Manitoba, "Connectivism and Connective Knowledge". The environment created was a web site using aggregation, remix,repurpose, and feeding forward of content and media identified bythe students using blogs, YouTube videos, synchronous videodiscussions, and RSS feeds to build knowledge structures within adomain. A MOOC is a platform! (think Google Course Builder) Focus was on peerconstructed knowledge and curation in a virtuallearning environment. cMOOCs emphasize creation, creativity,autonomy and social networking learning. MOOC Hyperbole in 2012 MOOC The demise of the campus as we know it. The most important education technology in the past 200 years. Free education for all, anywhere in the world with online access. Professors at prestigious universities host reviewable onlinelectures and curate videos, content and activities for their students. Learners can tap into Ivy Leaguequality instruction on their owntime, at their own pace and with little to no cost. Despite the hype, MOOCs have yet to solve seemingly simpleproblems, such as producing a sustainable business model andevaluating student performance in a meaningful way. MOOC Disruptive Innovation Page 73 of
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74 A disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps create anew market with its own value network; and eventually goes on todisrupt an existing market and value network (over a few years ordecades), displacing an earlier technology. Examples of disruptive innovations include: MP3 file format and the effect on the music industry Wikipedia and the effect on bound encyclopedias eBook formats, enabling selfpublishing and impact on the broaderpublishing industry Digital readers and the effect on the newspaper and magazineindustry MOOCs and the presumed effect on higher education Clayton Christensen defines a disruptive innovation as aproduct or service designed for a new set of customers."Generally, disruptive innovationswere technologicallystraightforward, consisting of offtheshelf components put togetherin a product architecture that wasoften simpler than priorapproaches. They offered less ofwhat customers in establishedmarkets wanted and so couldrarely be initially employed there.They offered a different package ofattributes valued only in emergingmarkets remote from, andunimportant to, the mainstream." Page 74 of
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75 Peak of Inflated Expectations✤ MIT launched MITx (Massachusetts Innovation & TechnologyExchange) in December of 2011, merging with Harvard in early 2012to create edX.✤ In the same period, a consortium of British universities has createdthere own MOOC platform called Futurelearn.✤ More than 90 universities worldwide had teamed up with one ormore MOOC providers, with investments of over $100M, promptingthe New York Times to declare 2012 as "The Year of the MOOC" inNovember of last year. MOOC Audiences Page 75 of
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76 1.Internal students on course –cost savings on volume courses 2.Internal students not on course– expanding student experience 3.Potential students national –major source of income 4.Potential students international– major source of income 5.Potential students High school –reputation and preparation 6.Parents – significant in studentchoice 7.Alumni – potential income andinfluencers 8.Lifelong learners – late andlifelong adult learners 9.Professionals – related toprofessions and work Page 76 of
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