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Water Security in Peri-Urban Khulna: Adapting to
           Climate Change and Urbanization



                          Uthpal Kumar




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
About Khulna

 Industrialization has been started
  since 1960s
 population growth is rapid (3.8%)
 Gross population density is very high
  (about 18,000/sq.km)
 The average land surface elevation of
  Khulna is about 3.32 m from
  MSL(Adhikari et al., 2006).




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
About Khulna

  Khulna is one the third largest metropolitan city of Bangladesh
    located on the banks of the river Rupsha and Bhairab with a
    population of about 1.4 million (2007) and 46 square
    kilometers.

  Khulna suffers from acute water scarcity due unplanned
    urbanization process together with increased salinity in both
    surface and groundwater

  Besides, Khulna suffers from recurring water logging and
    drainage congestion problems and these situations would be
    further exacerbated by increased rainfall and sea level rise
    due to climate change impact


Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Major activities performed during field visits are:


                Reconnaissance survey,
                Direct observation,
                Stakeholder consultation,
                Community consultation, and
                Key informant interview,
                Preparation of questionnaire
                 and field test




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Field visit help us to select the study sites based on the
   indicators:

 heterogeneity in land use,
 mixed institutional arrangement,
 diversity in livelihood options including dependence on urban
  resources,
 urban-peri-urban hydrological linkages,
 urban-peri-urban water use nexus, and
 vulnerability to water stress



Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Field visit help me to understand the water use nexus in Peri-
    Urban Khulna
  • Primary water are domestic use, agricultural use and
    industrial use.
  • The water bodies are also used for subsistence fisheries and
    capture fisheries by the poor.
  • Most people collect water from nearby community tube wells.
  • In most cases community tube wells are situated at a central
    location of the villages and people, mostly women and girls,
    collect water 5-10 times daily.
  • About 200-300 families depend on a single tube well.
  • Future urban expansion and industrial growth are likely to
    increase the overall water demand in the study area.



Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Identified User conflict through field visit

      •   Conflict between agriculture and fisheries,
      •   Conflict between urban and peri-urban users,
      •   Conflict between urban and urban users, and
      •   Conflict between peri-urban and peri-urban users.




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Water access and security Issue

  • Groundwater is the only potential source for freshwater
    supply in the urban and peri-urban areas.
  • Present water demand in KCC area is about 240 MLD (WASA-
    Khulna).
  • However, with the present infrastructure WASA is capable of
    providing only 35 MLD through the water supply network.
  • The present water supply network of WASA covers only about
    30% of the total city population.
  • In the peri-urban areas, community tube wells are used for
    drinking water collection.




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Water access and security

   Peri-urban residents have limited access to safe drinking water

   At present the entire water supply system in the KCC area is
   groundwater based

   A large number of privately owned tube wells are also present in
   and around the city

   Consequently the wells provide limited or no water during the dry
   period

   Among other efforts to resolve the water crisis, KCC has been
   trying to transport water from the peri-urban areas.

   This may hamper future water access and security of the peri-
   urban people and their traditional livelihood and resources.

Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Water related vulnerabilities


  The major water related problems are:
   scarcity of drinking water;
   water pollution from urban solid waste and wastewaters;
   salinity ingress in surface and ground water;
   arsenic and excessive iron in groundwater ; and
   flooding and water logging.




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Figure: Solid waste accumulation at   Figure: Solid waste accumulation inside
   sewer outfall on the Mayur river,     the Mayur river at Gollamary Bridge site
   Chhoto Boyra (Shashan Ghat).          affected normal river flow.


Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Institutional arrangement
  • There are apparent conflicts of interest among WMI

  • The drainage system of KCC has been developed without
    considering the natural topography.

  • A fully functional institutional arrangement for management
    of water resources, solid waste and wastewater is absent in
    Khulna.

  • Presently KCC is responsible for solid waste and wastewater
    management in the city area.



Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Institutional arrangement


  •   In future WASA will be responsible to manage water and
      wastewater in the city area.

  • In the peri-urban areas, water management institutions are
    not found in any form.

  • A functional participatory institutional framework for water
    management may improve water security of the peri-urban
    communities.




Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
• In peri-urban Khulna water conflict among different water users are
    very complex.

  • The nature and dynamics of these complexities mainly depend on
    social, economic and political factors.

  • Apparently, there are conflicts of interest among KDA, KCC, DPHE,
    WASA and other water-sector agencies.

  • Thus a feasible institutional arrangement may improve water security
    and access of the peri-urban communities in the overall context of
    climate change and urbanization.



Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
Thanks to All



Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000

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Water Security in Peri-Urban Khulna by Mr. Uthpal Kumar

  • 1. Water Security in Peri-Urban Khulna: Adapting to Climate Change and Urbanization Uthpal Kumar Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 2. About Khulna  Industrialization has been started since 1960s  population growth is rapid (3.8%)  Gross population density is very high (about 18,000/sq.km)  The average land surface elevation of Khulna is about 3.32 m from MSL(Adhikari et al., 2006). Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 3. About Khulna Khulna is one the third largest metropolitan city of Bangladesh located on the banks of the river Rupsha and Bhairab with a population of about 1.4 million (2007) and 46 square kilometers. Khulna suffers from acute water scarcity due unplanned urbanization process together with increased salinity in both surface and groundwater Besides, Khulna suffers from recurring water logging and drainage congestion problems and these situations would be further exacerbated by increased rainfall and sea level rise due to climate change impact Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 4. Major activities performed during field visits are:  Reconnaissance survey,  Direct observation,  Stakeholder consultation,  Community consultation, and  Key informant interview,  Preparation of questionnaire and field test Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 5. Field visit help us to select the study sites based on the indicators:  heterogeneity in land use,  mixed institutional arrangement,  diversity in livelihood options including dependence on urban resources,  urban-peri-urban hydrological linkages,  urban-peri-urban water use nexus, and  vulnerability to water stress Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 6. Field visit help me to understand the water use nexus in Peri- Urban Khulna • Primary water are domestic use, agricultural use and industrial use. • The water bodies are also used for subsistence fisheries and capture fisheries by the poor. • Most people collect water from nearby community tube wells. • In most cases community tube wells are situated at a central location of the villages and people, mostly women and girls, collect water 5-10 times daily. • About 200-300 families depend on a single tube well. • Future urban expansion and industrial growth are likely to increase the overall water demand in the study area. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 7. Identified User conflict through field visit • Conflict between agriculture and fisheries, • Conflict between urban and peri-urban users, • Conflict between urban and urban users, and • Conflict between peri-urban and peri-urban users. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 8. Water access and security Issue • Groundwater is the only potential source for freshwater supply in the urban and peri-urban areas. • Present water demand in KCC area is about 240 MLD (WASA- Khulna). • However, with the present infrastructure WASA is capable of providing only 35 MLD through the water supply network. • The present water supply network of WASA covers only about 30% of the total city population. • In the peri-urban areas, community tube wells are used for drinking water collection. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 9. Water access and security Peri-urban residents have limited access to safe drinking water At present the entire water supply system in the KCC area is groundwater based A large number of privately owned tube wells are also present in and around the city Consequently the wells provide limited or no water during the dry period Among other efforts to resolve the water crisis, KCC has been trying to transport water from the peri-urban areas. This may hamper future water access and security of the peri- urban people and their traditional livelihood and resources. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 10. Water related vulnerabilities The major water related problems are:  scarcity of drinking water;  water pollution from urban solid waste and wastewaters;  salinity ingress in surface and ground water;  arsenic and excessive iron in groundwater ; and  flooding and water logging. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 11. Figure: Solid waste accumulation at Figure: Solid waste accumulation inside sewer outfall on the Mayur river, the Mayur river at Gollamary Bridge site Chhoto Boyra (Shashan Ghat). affected normal river flow. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 12. Institutional arrangement • There are apparent conflicts of interest among WMI • The drainage system of KCC has been developed without considering the natural topography. • A fully functional institutional arrangement for management of water resources, solid waste and wastewater is absent in Khulna. • Presently KCC is responsible for solid waste and wastewater management in the city area. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 13. Institutional arrangement • In future WASA will be responsible to manage water and wastewater in the city area. • In the peri-urban areas, water management institutions are not found in any form. • A functional participatory institutional framework for water management may improve water security of the peri-urban communities. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 14. • In peri-urban Khulna water conflict among different water users are very complex. • The nature and dynamics of these complexities mainly depend on social, economic and political factors. • Apparently, there are conflicts of interest among KDA, KCC, DPHE, WASA and other water-sector agencies. • Thus a feasible institutional arrangement may improve water security and access of the peri-urban communities in the overall context of climate change and urbanization. Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000
  • 15. Thanks to All Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), BUET, Dhaka-1000