JUST EAT is an online food delivery company based in the UK that processes around 900 orders per minute at peak times. They have embraced DevOps practices to manage their Windows-based ecommerce platform on AWS. They use a microservices architecture with autonomous teams owning their own features and infrastructure. Key aspects of their approach include using persistent chat, real-time monitoring, alerting and logging to enable rapid debugging in production. Their culture emphasizes that teams are responsible for operating the features they build. They are continually working to improve test coverage and confidence while publishing more tools as open source software.

1. JUST EAT: embracing DevOps
Or: How we make a Windows-based ecommerce platform work
(with AWS)
@petemounce & @justeat_tech

2. JUST EAT: Who are we?
● In business since 2001 in DK, 2005 in UK
● Tech team is ~50 people in UK, ~20 people in Ukraine
● Cloud native in AWS
○ Except for the bits that aren’t (yet)
● Very predictable load
● ~900 orders/minute at peak in UK
● We’re recruiting!
○ http://tech.just-eat.com/jobs/
○ http://tech.just-eat.com/jobs/senior-software-engineer-
platform-services/
○ Lots of other roles

3. JUST EAT: Who are we?
Oh, yeah - we do online takeaway.
We’re an extra sales channel for our restaurant partners.
We do the online part.
Challenging!
We make this work.
On Windows.

4. What are we?
We do high-volume ecommerce.
Windows platform.
Most production code is C#, .NET 4 or 4.5.
Most automation is ruby 1.9.x. Some powershell.
Ongoing legacy transformation; no big rewrites.
Splitting up a monolithic system into SOA/APIs, incrementally.

5. Architecture, before AWS

6. Data centre life, pre 2013
Physical hardware
Snowflake servers - no configuration management tooling
Manual deployments, done by operations team
No real time monitoring - SQL queries only
Monolithic applications, not much fast-running test coverage
… But at least we had source control and decent continuous
integration! (since 2010)

7. Architecture, post AWS migration

8. Estate & High Availability by default
At peak, we run ~500-600 EC2 instances
We migrated from the single data centre in DK, to eu-west-1.
We run everything multi-AZ, auto-scaling by default.
(Almost).

9. Delivery pipeline
Very standard. Nothing to see here.
Multi-tenant.
Tenants are isolated against bad-neighbour issues; individually
scalable.
This basically means our tools take a tenant parameter as well
as an environment parameter.

10. Tech organisation structure
We stole from AWS - “two-pizza teams”
(we understand metrics couched in terms of food)
We have a team each for
● consumer web app
● consumer native apps (one iOS, one Android)
● restaurant apps
● business-support apps
● APIs (actually, four teams in one unit)
● PaaS
○ responsible for internal services; monitoring/alerting/logs
○ systems automation

11. Tech culture
“You ship it, you operate it”
Each team owns their own features, infrastructure-up.
Minimise dependencies between teams.
Each team has autonomy to work on what they want within
some constraints.
Rules:
● don’t break backwards compatibility
● use what you want - but operate it yourself
● other teams must be able to launch & verify your stuff in
their environments

12. But how?
Table-stakes for this to work (well):
1. Persistent group chat
2. Real-time monitoring
3. Real-time alerting
4. Centralised logging
Make it easier to debug in production without a debugger.

13. Persistent group chat
We use HipChat.
You could use IRC / Campfire / Hangouts.
● Persistent - jump in, read up
● Searchable history
● Integrate other tools to it
● hubot for fun and profit
○ @jebot trg pd emergency with msg “we’re out of champagne in the
office fridge”

14. Real-time monitoring
Microsoft’s SCOM requires an AD
Publish OS-level performance counters with perftap - windows
analogue of collectd we found and customised
Receive metrics into statsd
Visualise time-series data with graphite
○ 10s granularity retained for 13 months
○ AWS’ CloudWatch gives you 1min / 2 weeks
Addictive!

15. Real-time alerting
This is the 21st century; emailing someone their server is down
doesn’t cut it.
seyren runs our checks.
Publishes to
● HipChat
● PagerDuty
● SMS
● statsd event metrics (coming soon, hopefully)

16. Centralised logging
Windows doesn’t have syslog.
Out of the box EventLog isn’t quite it.
Publish logs via nxlog agent.
Receive logs into logstash cluster.
Filter, transform and enrich into elasticsearch cluster.
Query, visualise and dashboard via kibana.

17. Without these things, operating a distributed system on
Windows is hard.
Windows at scale assumes that you have an Active Directory.
We don’t.
● No Windows network load-balancing.
● No centrally trusted authentication.
● No central monitoring (SCOM) to harvest performance
counters.
● No easy remote command execution (WinRM wants an AD,
too)
● Other stuff; these are the highlights.

18. Open source & build vs buy
We treat Microsoft as just another third party vendor
dependency.
We lean on open-source libraries and tools a lot.

19. Anatomy of a feature
We decompose the platform into its component parts
Imaginatively, we call these “platform features”
For example
● consumer web app == publicweb
● back office tools == handle, guard
● etc

20. Platform features
Features are defined by AWS CloudFormation.
● Everything is pull-deployment, from S3.
● No state is kept (for long) on the instance itself.
● No external actor can tell an instance to do something,
beyond what the feature itself allows.
Instances boot, and then bootstrap themselves from content in
S3 based on CloudFormation::Init metadata

21. Platform feature: Servers
We have several “baseline” AMIs.
These have required system dependencies like .NET
framework, ruby, 7-zip, etc.
Periodically we update them for OS-level patches, and roll out
new baseline AMIs. We deprecate the older AMIs.

22. Platform feature: Infrastructure
Defined by CloudFormation. Each one stands up everything
that feature needs to run, excluding cross-cutting
dependencies (like DNS, firewall rules).
Mostly standard:
● ELB
● AutoScaling Group + Launch Configuration
● IAM as necessary
● … anything else required by the feature

23. Platform feature: Infrastructure

24. Platform feature: code package
● A standardised package containing
○ built code (website, service, combinations)
○ configuration + deltas to run any tenant/environment
○ automation to deploy the feature
● CloudFormation::Init has a configSet to
○ unzip
○ install automation dependencies
○ execute the deployment automation
○ warm up the feature, post-install

25. What have we gained?
Instances are disposable and short lived.
● Enables “shoot it in the head” debugging
● Disks no longer ever fill up
● Minimal environmental differences
● New environment == mostly automated
● Infrastructure as code == testable, repeatable - and we do!

26. Culture again: On-call
Teams are on-call for their features.
Decide own rota; coverage minimums for peak-time
But: teams (must!) have autonomy to improve their features so
they don’t get called as often.
Otherwise, constant fire-fighting

27. Things still break!
Page me once, shame on you.
Page me twice, shame on me.
Teams do root-cause analysis of incidents that triggered
incidents.
… An operations team / NOC does not.
Warn call-centre proatively
Take action proactively
Automate mitigation steps!
Feature toggles: not just for launching new stuff.

28. The role of our PaaS team
Enablement.
● Run monitoring & alerting
● Run centralised logging
● Run deployment service
● Apply security updates

29. Why not Azure / OpenStack et al?
Decision to migrate to AWS made in late 2011.
AWS was more mature than alternatives at the time. It offered
many hosted services on top of the IaaS offering.
Still is, even accounting for Azure’s recent advances.

30. The future
Immutable/golden instances; faster provisioning.
Failover to secondary region (we operate in CA).
Always: more test coverage, more confidence.
Publish some of our tools as OSS
https://github.com/justeat

31. The most important things
● Culture
● Principles that everyone lives by
● Devolve autonomy down to people on the ground
● (Tools)

32. Did we mention we’re hiring?
We’re pragmatic.
We’re successful.
We support each other.
We use sharp tools that we pick ourselves based on merit.
Join us!
○ http://tech.just-eat.com/jobs/
○ http://tech.just-eat.com/jobs/senior-software-engineer-
platform-services/
○ Lots of other roles

33. Any questions?