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Information Processess and Technology HSC Transaction processing systems
1. A Brief History of
Information Technology
The “dark ages”: paper forms in file cabinets
Computerized systems emerge
Initially for big projects like Social Security
Same functionality as old paper-based systems
The “golden age”: databases are everywhere
Most activities tracked electronically
Stored data provides detailed history of activity
The next step: use data for decision-making
The focus of this course!
Made possible by omnipresence of IT
Identify inefficiencies in current processes
Quantify likely impact of decisions
5. Disadvantages of Electronic
Commerce
Loss of ability to inspect products from
remote locations
Rapid developing pace of underlying
technologies
Difficult to calculate return on investment
Cultural and legal impediments
6. The process of e-commerce
1. Attract customers
Advertising, marketing
2. Interact with customers
Catalog, negotiation
3. Handle and manage orders
Order capture
Payment
Transaction
Fulfillment (physical good, service good, digital
good)
4. React to customer inquiries
Customer service
Order tracking
7. MAJOR TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Decision support systems (DSS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Office automation systems (OAS)
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
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8. TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
TPS is a computerized system that
performs and records the daily routine
transactions necessary to conduct the
business.
At operational level, routine activities are
highly structured. Hence, computerized
systems like TPS can be successfully
used to not only to record but also to
perform the transactions.
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9. TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Sales and Marketing
Order Entry and Distribution System
CRM
Finance and Accounting
Financial Accounting, Receivable and Payable Management
Cash & Funds Management,
Short Terms Budgeting
Inventory Management
Personnel
Payroll, Benefit Systems
Personnel Records
10. OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
(OAS)
Office Automation Systems are designed to
assist the data workers to achieve better
coordination and improved efficiency in terms of
speed of processing data.
Data workers are those who are mainly
involved in the processing of data rather than
creating them. They consists primarily of
secretaries, book-keepers, filing clerks and
junior mangers whose jobs are principally to
use, manipulate and disseminate information.
11. OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
(OAS)
Toward a “paperless” office
Redesign of work flow
Integrated software
Ergonomic design
Bright, cheerful work space
EXAMPLE: PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
12. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
DSS help managers make decisions that
are unique, rapidly changing, and not
easily specified in advance. The basic
features of DSS systems are
Flexible,adaptable, quick
User controls inputs/outputs
No professional programming
Supports decision process
Sophisticated modeling tools
13. Transaction Processing Systems
Transaction processing systems record and
manage transaction data but convert little or none of it
into information.
One of their main purposes is to provide the data that other
information Systems need
15. Definition
Batch processing is the
processing of previously
collected data. The
processing occurs without
any interaction with users
16. How it works and why use it
Data is collected and then processed at a
different time to the actual transaction.
Batch processing is particularly useful for
operations that need the computer or
peripheral devices such as a printer for an
extended time.
17. What is the best data type for Batch Processing?
Credit card purchases?
ATM withdrawals?
Share purchases and sales?
Electricity Bills
Define the type of data that is best suited
to batch processing.
18. Advantages
Can be run regularly such as midnight. Reduces cost as
equipment can be utilised during quiet time without interrupting
other activities.
Labour cost reduction as it is a fully automated process without
the need for a human operator
Processing of data can be outsourced to another company
19. Disadvantages
Process must have exclusive access and control over
its data files. It cannot share them with another task.
Batch job will halt immediately if an error occurs in any
one of the tasks
Data which is being processed is not fully current
20.
21. Practical Exercise: Task Scheduler
What types of tasks can be scheduled. Why do you think
you’d want them done in down time?
22. Real Time Processing
Real time processing refers to
processing that occurs as the
transactions arrive. It is not delayed
like batch process and is more likely
to be directly under the users
control.
23. What is the best data type for Real Time Processing?
Real time processing should be used with data or
functions that must reflect the current situation.
Examples Sensors – A porch light switches on when
movement is detected
Stock market transactions during which prices are
constantly changing.
24. Advantages
Data can be processed and viewed so it
reflects a changing environment.
Real time processing tasks can be
interrupted and new ones started in
response to a new situation
Processing jobs can be of almost any
scale, from large – video capture to small
a sensor tripping an alarm.
25. Disadvantages
Possible need for greater processing
requirements.
Real time nature means any uncorrected
errors may have greater consequences
as RTP generally only takes place once.
28. Data Validation and Processing
Data validation is vital in RTP as any
error will distort the picture given of the
real time environment. Correction of this
is difficult
Data validation is vital in Batch
Processing as it could stop the batch job
which will need to be restarted after the
data is corrected.
29. Data Validation
Data validation is when data entered by users is checked by the
software to see if they are within the acceptable range of values
Data can be validated on the basis of:
The correct data type
The correct sign – positive or negative
Required data – example all fields need to be filled
Within acceptable data range – example age must be from 18 to 100
Input masks – example ### AAA to specify format
Reduced input choice via radio buttons or dropdown menus
Validate input against external database of correct data
31. Travel booking System Participants and Users Example continued
Participants in a ticket booking system include reservation clerks
who directly access the reservation system.
Users of the system is the consumer because they benefit through
its operation by receiving a confirmed booking. The consumer can
also be a direct participant in the RTP when they make a
reservation for a seat via the internet.
Participants = Those who run the system
Users = Those who benefit from it