3. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 34:
Fungi
BIS 002C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
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4. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
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•Previous lecture:
•33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
•Current Lecture:
•34: Fungi
•Next Lecture:
•35: Fungi, Wrap Up
5. Lecture 34 Outline
• Fungal Evolution
• Absorptive heterotrophy
• Diversity of Form
• Reproduction
• Life Styles
• Uses of Fungi
!5Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
7. Clicker
• Which of the following groups is least closely related to
fungi?
• A: Animals
• B: Choanoflagellates
• C: Protostomes
• D. Oomycetes
• E. Deuterostomes
!7Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
8. Clicker
• Which of the following groups is least closely related to
fungi?
• A: Animals
• B: Choanoflagellates
• C: Protostomes
• D. Oomycetes
• E. Deuterostomes
!8Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
9. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungi in Evolutionary Context
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10. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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11. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Some ambiguity
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12. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Absorptive heterotrophy:
• digest food outside bodies by secreting
digestive enzymes to break down large
food molecules
• then absorb the breakdown products.
• many are saprobic living off dead or
decaying organic matter(e.g., leaves, dead
organisms)
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Fungal Key Feature - Absorptive Heterotrophy
13. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Decomposition
14. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Diversity I: Form
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15. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Many fungi live as single cells
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Yeasts
Microsporidia
Chytrids
16. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
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Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Some hyphae have incomplete cross walls or septa, and
are called septate.
• Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying.
17. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
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Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying.
• Hyphae with incomplete cross walls are septate.
• Hyphae without septa are coenocytic.
• Collections of hyphae = mycelia
18. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Hyphae
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Fruiting
Body
Vegetative
mycelia
19. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mushroom growth
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20. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Convergent Evolution
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21. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
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Sudden Oak Death
22. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
• Non-photosynthetic.
• Are absorptive heterotrophs
• Once were classed as fungi, but
are unrelated.
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Sudden Oak Death
24. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)
• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA
• Elaborate branching
• Some reproduce by forming
chains of spores at tips of
filaments
• Most antibiotics are from this
group
• Causative agents of many
diseases such as
tuberculosis and leprosy
• Many originally misclassified
as fungi
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26. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Individual motile cells can form single,
multinucleate cell (plasmodium)
• Ingest food by endocytosis
• Form spores on stalks called fruiting
bodies.
• Found in cool, moist habitats
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27. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal reproduction
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28. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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29. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
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30. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
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31. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi
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Fusion of nuclei
Fusion
of
cells
33. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Spores
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34. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Life Styles
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35. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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36. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example I: Plant Pathogens
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37. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example II: Microsporidia
• Obligate intracellular
parasites of animals;
1,500 species.
• Infect many diverse
hosts
• Among the smallest
eukaryotes known.
• Misclassified as
protists for many
years.
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38. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example III: Amphibian Die Off from Chytrids
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39. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores
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40. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example IV: Zombie Ants
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41. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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42. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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43. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropods
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44. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ecdysozoans
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45. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Animals
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Diploblasts
Triploblasts
Monoblasts
46. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Predatory Fungi
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47. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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48. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant
development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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50. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ecdysozoans
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51. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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52. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi I - Mycorrhizae
• Fungi associated with the roots of plants
• Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for
fungus.
• Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via
massive increase in surface area
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Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
53. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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54. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi II - Lichens
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• Composed of a fungus and
photosynthetic
microorganism(s)
• Survive harsh environments
• ~ 30,000 species
55. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lichen Anatomy
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57. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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58. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Microbiome
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59. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungi in Our Homes
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60. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Uses of Fungi I: Food
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61. Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium camemberti
• Used in production of Brie
and Camembert cheeses
!60Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
62. Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of blue
cheeses
!61Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
63. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Ascomycota
• Grows naturally on many fruits
(e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s yeast
and budding yeast
!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol
64. Other fungi used in food/ food production?
!63Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
65. Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible
!64Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
79. Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!78Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Staphylococcus “lawn”
with mold growing on it.
Bacteria around mold
dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928